If tariffs and quotas hurt importing countries, why do they exist?

a. Consumers gain, in the form of lower prices, from protectionist policies and the time and effort spent in lobbying the government.b. Producers gain, in the form of large profits from protectionist policies and the time and effort spent in lobbying the government.c. As members of the World Trade Organization, these policies are required.d. They help exporting nations, who, in turn, reciprocate with tariffs and quotas of their own.