Imagine that Jem is planning a surprise party for Mel. Mel asks Jem, "Are you planning a party for me?"

According to a Kantian, how should Jem respond?

a. Jem can lie in this case because nothing important is at stake.

b. Jem should respond truthfully even if it ruins the surprise; lying is never permissible.

c. Jem is obligated to lie because telling the truth conflicts with her telos.

d. Jem is obligated to lie because it maximizes pleasure in this case.