import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;

class Buffer $\{$

private int data; $//$ Data variable to store the value produced$/$consumed

private Semaphore mutex; $//$ Semaphore for mutual exclusion

private Semaphore empty; $//$ Semaphore to track empty slots in buffer

private Semaphore full; $//$ Semaphore to track filled slots in buffer

$//$ Constructor to initialize the semaphores

public Buffer$()\{$

$//$ Initialize semaphores

mutex $=$ new Semaphore$(1)$; $//$ Binary semaphore for mutual exclusion

empty $=$ new Semaphore$(1)$; $//$ Semaphore to track empty slots in buffer

full $=$ new Semaphore$(0)$; $//$ Semaphore to track filled slots in buffer

$\}$

$//$ Method to produce data and add it to the buffer

public void produce$($int newData$)$ throws InterruptedException $\{$

empty.acquire$()$; $//$ Wait for an empty slot

mutex.acquire$()$; $//$ Acquire mutex for critical section

$//$ Add data to buffer

data $=$ newData;

System.out.println$("$Produced: $"+$ newData$)$;

mutex.release$()$; $//$ Release mutex

full.release$()$; $//$ Signal that buffer is full

$\}$

$//$ Method to consume data from the buffer

public int consume$()$ throws InterruptedException $\{$

full.acquire$()$; $//$ Wait for a full slot

mutex.acquire$()$; $//$ Acquire mutex for critical section

$//$ Consume data from buffer

int consumedData $=$ data;

System.out.println$("$Consumed: $"+$ consumedData$)$;

mutex.release$()$; $//$ Release mutex

empty.release$()$; $//$ Signal that buffer is empty

return consumedData;

$\}$

$\}$

$//$ Producer class implementing the Runnable interface

class Producer implements Runnable $\{$

private Buffer buffer;

$//$ Constructor to initialize the producer with a buffer

public Producer$($Buffer buffer$)\{$

this.buffer $=$ buffer;

$\}$

$//$ Override the run method to simulate production

@Override

public void run$()\{$

try $\{$

for $($int i $=0$; i $<10$; i$++)\{$

buffer.produce$($i$)$; $//$ Produce data

Thread.sleep$(500)$; $//$ Simulate production time

$\}$

$\}$ catch $($InterruptedException e$)\{$

e$.$printStackTrace$()$;

$\}$

$\}$

$\}$

$//$ Consumer class implementing the Runnable interface

class Consumer implements Runnable $\{$

private Buffer buffer;

$//$ Constructor to initialize the consumer with a buffer

public Consumer$($Buffer buffer$)\{$

this.buffer $=$ buffer;

$\}$

$//$ Override the run method to simulate consumption

@Override

public void run$()\{$

try $\{$

for $($int i $=0$; i $<10$; i$++)\{$

buffer.consume$()$; $//$ Consume data

Thread.sleep$(1000)$; $//$ Simulate consumption time

$\}$

$\}$ catch $($InterruptedException e$)\{$

e$.$printStackTrace$()$;

$\}$

$\}$

$\}$

$//$ Main class to execute the program

public class Main $\{$

public static void main$($String$[]$ args$)\{$

Buffer buffer $=$ new Buffer$()$; $//$ Create a buffer instance

$//$ Create producer and consumer threads

Thread producerThread $=$ new Thread$($new Producer$($buffer$))$;

Thread consumerThread $=$ new Thread$($new Consumer$($buffer$))$;

$//$ Start producer and consumer threads

producerThread.start$()$;

consumerThread.start$()$;

$\}$

$\}$ explain each line in this code $-$ where is the race and how we deal with it why and how it's become deadlock happend