import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;

class Buffer $\{$

private int data;

private Semaphore mutex;

private Semaphore empty;

private Semaphore full;

public Buffer$()\{$

$//$ Initialize semaphores

mutex $=$ new Semaphore$(1)$; $//$ Binary semaphore for mutual exclusion

empty $=$ new Semaphore$(1)$; $//$ Semaphore to track empty slots in buffer

full $=$ new Semaphore$(0)$; $//$ Semaphore to track filled slots in buffer

$\}$

public void produce$($int newData$)$ throws InterruptedException $\{$

empty.acquire$()$; $//$ Wait for an empty slot

mutex.acquire$()$; $//$ Acquire mutex for critical section

$//$ Add data to buffer

data $=$ newData;

System.out.println$("$Produced: $"+$ newData$)$;

mutex.release$()$; $//$ Release mutex

full.release$()$; $//$ Signal that buffer is full

$\}$

public int consume$()$ throws InterruptedException $\{$

full.acquire$()$; $//$ Wait for a full slot

mutex.acquire$()$; $//$ Acquire mutex for critical section

$//$ Consume data from buffer

int consumedData $=$ data;

System.out.println$("$Consumed: $"+$ consumedData$)$;

mutex.release$()$; $//$ Release mutex

empty.release$()$; $//$ Signal that buffer is empty

return consumedData;

$\}$

$\}$

class Producer implements Runnable $\{$

private Buffer buffer;

public Producer$($Buffer buffer$)\{$

this.buffer $=$ buffer;

$\}$

public void run$()\{$

try $\{$

for $($int i $=0$; i $<10$; i$++)\{$

buffer.produce$($i$)$;

Thread.sleep$(500)$; $//$ Simulate production time

$\}$

$\}$ catch $($InterruptedException e$)\{$

e$.$printStackTrace$()$;

$\}$

$\}$

$\}$

class Consumer implements Runnable $\{$

private Buffer buffer;

public Consumer$($Buffer buffer$)\{$

this.buffer $=$ buffer;

$\}$

public void run$()\{$

try $\{$

for $($int i $=0$; i $<10$; i$++)\{$

buffer.consume$()$;

Thread.sleep$(1000)$; $//$ Simulate consumption time

$\}$

$\}$ catch $($InterruptedException e$)\{$

e$.$printStackTrace$()$;

$\}$

$\}$

$\}$

public class Main $\{$

public static void main$($String$[]$ args$)\{$

Buffer buffer $=$ new Buffer$()$;

Thread producerThread $=$ new Thread$($new Producer$($buffer$))$;

Thread consumerThread $=$ new Thread$($new Consumer$($buffer$))$;

producerThread.start$()$;

consumerThread.start$()$;

$\}$

$\}$ note each one in the code of tehese point $1-$ race condition $2-$semaphore $3-$operation on shared object using $,$buffer