A vertical pipe of 1.5 m diameter and 20 m long has a pressure head of 6.3 m of water at its upper end. When the flow of water through it is such that the mean velocity is 5.6 m/s, the pipe friction head loss is hy = 1.09 m. Find the pressure head at the lower end of the pipe when the flow is (a) downward; (b) upward.