In $1884,$ the Supreme Court ruled against John Elk when he tried to claim

American citizenship. What reason did the Supreme Court give for rejecting his

petition?

a$.$ He was not paying taxes and had not done anything to assimilate into

American society.

b$.$ He was not born within the boundaries of the United States, and thus was

not subject to its $$jurisdiction$.$

c$.$ Whether he had achieved the degree of $$civilization$$ required of American

citizens was in question.

d$.$ He did not follow the appropriate procedures and refused to give up his

tribal affiliation.