In $1997,$ two South Korean manufacturers of semiconductors, LG Semicon and Hyundai Electronics, were accused of selling dynamic random access memory chips $($DRAMs$)$ in the U$.$S$.$ market at below their costs of production. It was alleged that the firms were trying to unload their excess production in the United States. This is an example of:

Question $8$ options:

import quota

dumping

subsidy

ad valorem tariff