1. In 1-3 sentences, define each of the following terms in your own words and provide an example:
   1. Bias Bold text start(2 marks)Bold text End
   2. Odds Bold text start(2 marks)Bold text End
   3. Favourable outcome Bold text start(2 marks)Bold text End
   4. Data Bold text start(2 marks)Bold text End
2. Describe in words (do not list all elements) the sample space of each experiment, find how many elements it contains, and state one of the elements:
   1. Drawing two cards from a deck without replacement. Bold text start(2 marks)Bold text End
   2. Drawing three cards from a deck with replacement. Bold text start(2 marks)Bold text End
   3. Rolling a 6-sided die, then flipping that many coins. Bold text start(4 marks)Bold text End
3. Find the theoretical probability of:
   1. Drawing a red ace or a heart from a regular deck of cards. Bold text start(4 marks)Bold text End
   2. When guessing the birthdays of two friends, getting exactly one right, if you know the first friend was born in a leap year and the second friend wasn't. Assume birthdays are evenly distributed through the year. Bold text start(4 marks)Bold text End
   3. Being dealt at least 4 hearts in a hand of 5 cards dealt from a regular deck. Bold text start(5 marks)Bold text End
   4. When selecting 3 cards from a regular deck without replacement, having the 3rd card be the second spade drawn. Bold text start(5 marks)Bold text End
4. Manpreet and her friends meet every Thursday night to play a different sport. When they play basketball, she has a 75% chance of being on the winning team. Considering their game next week, if there is a 40% chance they will play basketball then what are the odds in favour of Manpreet being on the winning team of a basketball game? Bold text start(4 marks)Bold text End
5. A modified deck of cards is created by removing the 9s and 10s, and the red aces, from a regular deck.
   1. How many cards are in this deck? Bold text start(1 mark)Bold text End
   2. Given that an 8-card hand has been dealt from this deck, what is the probability of having exactly 3 hearts, 2 diamonds, 2 spades, and 1 club? Bold text start(3 marks)Bold text End
   3. When drawing two cards from this deck without replacement, what are the odds against getting a pair (two cards of the same rank)? Bold text start(4 marks)Bold text End
6. If you roll a 6-sided die 5 times and get the result "1, 1, 1, 1, 1" can you conclude whether the die is "fair" or not? Explain. Bold text start(3 marks)Bold text End
7. In the field of statistics, give an example of:
   1. A discrete variable. Bold text start(1 mark)Bold text End
   2. A continuous variable. Bold text start(1 mark)Bold text End
   3. A qualitative variable. Bold text start(1 mark)Bold text End
8. Is it ever ethical to add bias to a statistical study? In a paragraph, why or why not? Bold text start(4 marks)Bold text End
9. You are conducting a statistical survey of library users. There are approximately 2500 people in the population (library patrons in a month), and you have a full list of their names, phone numbers, addresses, time & date of last visit, and any other reasonable information. If you want to create and survey a fair sample of 25 people, describe how you could do so using the following techniques. Be sure to include how you would contact your subjects.
   1. Simple random sampling Bold text start(3 marks)Bold text End
   2. Systematic random sampling Bold text start(3 marks)Bold text End
   3. Stratified random sampling Bold text start(3 marks)Bold text End
   4. Cluster random sampling Bold text start(3 marks)Bold text End
   5. Multistage random sampling Bold text start(4 marks)Bold text End
10. A supermarket conducted a survey of 1000 consumers. Their population was "adults who shop for groceries." Use specific examples to explain how the following biases could have had the following effects:
    1. How could sampling bias have made it seem like adults eat more bread than in reality? Bold text start(3 marks)Bold text End
    2. How could non-response bias have made it seem like adults eat less fruit than in reality? Bold text start(3 marks)Bold text End
    3. How could response bias have made it seem like adults eat more vegetables than in reality? Bold text start(3 marks)Bold text End
    4. How could measurement bias have made it seem like adults drink more coffee than in reality? Bold text start(3 marks)Bold text End
11. In a recent survey of a fair stratified random sample of the population, a question appeared as: Italic text startDo you plan to vote in favour of the speed limit change? Yes/NoItalic text End Italic text startA scientist found the following number of responses per stratum:Italic text End

	Age 20-24	Age 25-29	Age 30-34
Yes	45	80	5
No	25	25	15
No response	25	10	55

1. What are two reasons a respondent might not answer this question? Bold text start(2 marks)Bold text End
2. What are the strata in this sample? Bold text start(1 mark)Bold text End
3. If a person is picked at random from the sample, what is the probability that they are age 25-29 or did not respond to this question? Bold text start(4 marks)Bold text End
4. If three people are picked at random from the sample, what is the probability that at least one did not respond to this question? Bold text start(4 marks)Bold text End
5. If we assume there is no bias, what conclusions can be drawn about the population's opinion of the speed limit change? Justify your response. Bold text start(4 marks)Bold text End
6. How would your answer to (e) change if we found out that 90% of those who did not respond are actually against the change? Bold text start(2 marks)Bold text End
7. Describe the game you designed for your culminating activity, along with any outstanding questions you have about the culminating at this point. No marks are assigned, but this is a space to get feedback from your teacher marker. Bold text start(0 marks)Bold text End