In 1990, Montalto underwent a cadaveric kidney transplant. Around 1999, the cadaveric kidney began to show signs of failure. The plaintiffs claim that this failure was due to cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. That is, the anti-rejection medication that Montalto was taking was poisoning her kidney. Montalto was eventually taken off cyclosporine and put on another anti-rejection drug, and her kidney function allegedly began to improve. However, the plaintiffs contend that the defendants failed to recognize this improvement, and negligently advised Montalto that she needed another kidney transplant. Based on the defendants' advice, Francis voluntarily donated one of his kidneys to Montalto. The transplant occurred on July 23, 2001. One team of doctors, not party to this suit, performed Francis' extraction surgery, which was completed without complication. Another team of doctors, namely Drs. Ayvazian and Stoff, took the extracted kidney and transplanted it into Montalto. The transplant was ultimately unsuccessful and the new kidney was removed on August 14, 2001. Despite removal of the new kidney, the function of Montalto's cadaveric kidney continued to improve, and she survived on that kidney alone. The core of the plaintiffs' claims is that the defendants' negligence caused them both to undergo unnecessary and dangerous surgeries. You