In 2023, Lisa and Fred, a married couple, had taxable income of $400,000. If they were to file separate tax returns, Lisa would have reported taxable income of $225,000 and Fred would have reported taxable income of $175,000. Use Tax Rate Schedule for reference.

Schedule Y-2-Married Filing Separately

If taxable income is over:	But not over:	The tax is:
$ 0	$ 11,000	10% of taxable income
$ 11,000	$ 44,725	$1,100 plus 12% of the excess over $11,000
$ 44,725	$ 95,375	$5,147 plus 22% of the excess over $44,725
$ 95,375	$ 182,100	$16,290 plus 24% of the excess over $95,375
$ 182,100	$ 231,250	$37,104 plus 32% of the excess over $182,100
$ 231,250	$ 346,875	$52,832 plus 35% of the excess over $231,250
$ 346,875		$93,300.75 plus 37% of the excess over $346,875

Schedule Y-1-Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying surviving spouse

If taxable income is over:	But not over:	The tax is:
$ 0	$ 22,000	10% of taxable income
$ 22,000	$ 89,450	$2,200 plus 12% of the excess over $22,000
$ 89,450	$ 190,750	$10,294 plus 22% of the excess over $89,450
$ 190,750	$ 364,200	$32,580 plus 24% of the excess over $190,750
$ 364,200	$ 462,500	$74,208 plus 32% of the excess over $364,200
$ 462,500	$ 693,750	$105,664 plus 35% of the excess over $462,500
$ 693,750		$186,601.5 plus 37% of the excess over $693,750

What is the couple's marriage penalty or benefit?

Note: Do not round intermediate calculations.