In a recent article, Professor Shandra finds that debt-for-nature swaps decrease forest loss by freeing up funds to be invested in conservation. However, he also finds that International Monetary Fund structural adjustment increases forest loss by requiring low- and middle-income nations to cut government spending for conservation and increasing natural resource exports. From the findings, Professor Shandra concludes, "While they pay off a portion of a nation's debt and help increase financing for conservation, debt-for-nature swaps do not address other fundamental causes of forest loss related to being highly indebted (i.e., structural adjustment). If the argument is that fundamental change is the only way in which to solve the environmental crisis, then debt-for-nature swaps may be part of the problem and not part of the solution." In this instance, Professor Shandra is arguing that debt-for-nature swaps are: Question 18 options: Small-scale People-first Reformist environment-first