In a study of the effects of humor on memory, Stephen Schmidt (1994) had participants read either humorous sentences or nonhumorous sentences; he later tested participants' memory for the sentences. Identify the research (alternative) hypothesis for this study.

a) Participants remember, on average, 3.5 sentences.

b) There is no difference in memory for humorous and nonhumorous sentences.

c) Participants have poor memory for all of the sentences. d) Humorous sentences are better remembered than nonhumorous sentences.