In a study on the effectiveness of clove oil in treating a gum infection, 30 individuals (suffering from gum infection) were recruited through advertisements in the national press in the United Kingdom. Once enrolled in the study, the participants were asked to complete a number of questionnaires that allowed for the calculation of a severity of illness score. The participants were then instructed to take three capsules a day (each containing 50mg of clove oil) over a 12-week period. After this time, participants completed the same questionnaires so that their severity of gum infection could again be evaluated.

The mean (and standard deviation) of the severity of gum infection scores were calculated for patients at entry to the study and again after the 12 week period. State the best statistical test that will assess the relationships between clove oil and gum infection:

Select one:

a.

One-way ANOVA

b.

Student t test for independent samples

c.

Chi square test

d.

Post hoc Tukey test

e.

Paired t test

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Question 32

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If the calculated z is +2.30, it is possible to:

Select one:

a.

Accept the Null hypothesis at = 0.05 but reject the Null hypothesis at = 0.01

b.

Accept the Null hypothesis at = 0.05 but accept the Null hypothesis at = 0.01

c.

Reject the Null hypothesis at = 0.05 but accept the Null hypothesis at = 0.01

d.

Reject the Null hypothesis at = 0.05 but reject the Null hypothesis at = 0.01

e.

Reject the Alternative hypothesis

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Question 33

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Both chi square and F distributions are:

Select one:

a.

Positive

b.

Skewed

c.

Rely on degrees of freedom

d.

all the above

e.

None of the above

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Question 34

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The joint probability for two independent events, A and B, to occur is denoted:

Select one:

a.

P(A) + P(B)

b.

P(A) - P(A) * P(B)

c.

[P(A) * P(B)] - [P(A)+P(B)]

d.

P(A) * P(B)

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Question 35

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Which of the following variables could be considered "discrete"?

Select one:

a.

Age on arrival to hospital

b.

Number of past surgical procedures

c.

Body weight

d.

Body mass index

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Question 36

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A research that investigated the association between a vegetarian diet and body weight found an Odds Ratio of: 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.50 - 1.80). Select the best statement that explains these findings:

Select one:

a.

The vegetarian diet is significantly associated with lower body weight

b.

The vegetarian diet is significantly associated with higher body weight

c.

The association between the vegetarian diet and body weight is a chance finding

d.

Those consuming the vegetarian diet are 17% (that is, 1 minus 0.83 in %) more likely to have a lower body weight than those who do not

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Before the complete census data are available, a researcher at the Bureau of Statistics decides to test the Null hypothesis that the average age of women in the Ghanaian population is equal to the average age of men. From a sample of women and a sample of men, the researcher finds that the average age is almost exactly the same and, consequently, the statistical test shows insufficient evidence to reject the Null hypothesis. Given that complete census data should show the alternative hypothesis to be true, this is an example of:

Select one:

a.

Type 2 error

b.

Type 1 error

c.

High Power

d.

both b and c

e.

none of the above

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A study has reported that when the height of individuals are repeatedly measured (once in the morning and once in the evening), in the morning measurement, they will appear to be taller, by a one or two centimeters than their evening measurement. This example refers to:

Select one:

a.

the validity of the measurement

b.

the reliability of the measurement

c.

both the validity and reliability of the measurement

d.

none of the above

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Question 39

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Inter-rater agreement is a measure of:

Select one:

a.

reliability

b.

validity

c.

reliability and validity

d.

none of the above

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You want to measure the level of patients' satisfaction with a set of health services newly introduced to a community practice. You decided to investigate that through a survey question with a 5-point Likert-type scale consisting of statements that measure level of satisfaction with the health care service. The Likert scale ranged from 1 to 5; where 1=highly satisfied, 2=satisfied, 3=cannot decide, 4= not satisfied, and 5=totally not satisfied.

If you take the average of the scores for each question asked, in this instance, you will be treating this variable as following upon which of the following measurement scales?

Select one:

a.

categorical

b.

ordinal

c.

nominal

d.

continuous