In an alternative universe, the Australian Dollar (AUD) is a fixed-rate currency. The Australian Reserve Bank decided to revalue the Australian Dollar by 19% relative to the previous rate of USD2.23/AUD in the year before.

By how much has the US Dollar (USD) appreciated or depreciated relative to the Australian Dollar (in percentage terms)?

a.

-15.9664 %

b.

-19.0000 %

c.

-119.0000 %

d.

84.0336 %

e.

29.8380 %