In Beckhard and Harris' change formula, C=[ABD]>X, in order for a change to work, Factors AxBxD must outweigh the perceived costs (X). Which of these items are not included in A,B and D? In Beckhard and Harris' change formula, C=[ABD]>X, in order for a change to work, Factors AxBxD must outweigh the perceived costs (X). Which of these items are not included in A,B and D? Dissatisfaction with the present state of affairs Desirability of the proposed change or end state Practicality of the change Time required for the change