In chemical engineering, thermodynamics plays a pivotal role in understanding the behavior of chemical systems and processes. It encompasses principles governing energy transfer, phase equilibria, and reaction kinetics, crucial for designing efficient industrial processes. However, challenges arise in applying thermodynamic principles to complex systems, particularly in non$-$ideal conditions or multiphase systems. Engineers must develop robust models and techniques to accurately predict system behavior and optimize process performance. How does thermodynamics contribute to the design and operation of chemical processes, and what strategies are employed to address challenges in applying thermodynamic principles to real$-$world engineering problems?