In class, we discussed and practiced the concept of a dividend discount model to determine the value of a common stock. But we discovered that the model has significant shortfalls: For example, if a company does not pay a dividend, the model gives a resulting value of zero for the common stock; and if estimated growth rate (g) is greater than our required rate of return (k), we end up with a negative value for the stock. What other valuation measures were discussed?

	a.	Price to Earnings ratio Dividing market price of the stock by the earnings-per-share.
	b.	Discounted free cash flow method Estimating the free cash available to a shareholder several years into the future, and discounting these cash flows back at an appropriate rate of return.
	c.	Price to Book Value ratio Dividing market price of the stock by the accounting book value (or shareholders equity) on a companys balance sheet.
	d.	Sum of the Parts valuation calculation, whereby the separate value attributed to a companys independent subsidiaries is worth more than the market price of the entire company (i.e., the quoted market price) in the secondary markets.
	e.	All of the above.