In summary, when identifying deficiencies in the past literature, proposal developers might use the following research tips:

Group of answer choices

a$.$ Cite several deficiencies to make the case even stronger for a study.

b$.$ Identify specifically the deficiencies of other studies $($e$.$g$.,$ methodological flaws, variables overlooked$).$

c$.$ Write about areas overlooked by past studies, including topics, special statistical treatments, significant implications, and so forth.

d$.$ Discuss how a proposed study will remedy these deficiencies and provide a unique contribution to the scholarly literature.

e$.$ All of the above