In the bookMaking Hard Decisions: An Introduction to Decision Analysis,2nd ed., Robert T. Clemen presents an example in which an investor wishes to choose between investing money in (1) a high-risk stock, (2) a low-risk stock, or (3) a savings account. The payoffs received from the two stocks will depend on the behavior of the stock market?that is, whether the market goes up, stays the same, or goes down over the investment period. In addition, in order to obtain more information about the market behavior that might be anticipated during the investment period, the investor can hire an economist as a consultant who will predict the future market behavior. The results of the consultation will be one of the following three possibilities: (1) "economist says up," (2) "economist says flat" (the same), or (3) "economist says down." The conditional probabilities that express the ability of the economist to accurately forecast market behavior are given in the following table:

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