In the Management in Action case, Arkansas authorities announced that some medical workers would receive a $1,000 monthly bonus payment during the pandemic, and that number would double to $2,000 if they worked in a facility with a confirmed case of COVID-19. If these workers believed that the government would not deliver on its promise, the plan may not be successful based on the ________ component of expectancy theory.

Multiple Choice

• expectancy
• valence
• instrumentality
• equity