In the Palsgraf case involving the Long Island Railroad (LIRR) and the negligence of two of the railroad's attendants who attempted to assist a passenger by pushing him through closing train doors, which additional fact might have changed the ruling/result:

a.The railroad was on record as instructing its attendants not to assist passengers entering trains.

b.Palsgraf was looking up at the weigh scale when it separated from the wall.

c.The passenger being assisted was intoxicated.

d.One of the LIRR attendants knew that the bag in the passenger's hand contained fireworks.