In the short run, the quantity of output supplied by firms can deviate from the natural level of output if the actual price level deviates from the expected price level in the economy. A number of theories explain reasons why this might happen. For example, the sticky-price theory asserts that the output prices of some goods and services adjust slowly to changes in the price level. Suppose firms announce the prices for their products in advance, based on an expected price level of 100 for the coming year. Many of the firms sell their goods through catalogs and face high costs of reprinting if they change prices. The actual price level turns out to be 90. Faced with high menu costs, the firms that rely on catalog sales choose not to adjust their prices. Sales from catalogs will V , and rms that rely on catalogs will respond by V the quantity of output they supply. If enough firms face high costs of adjusting prices, the unexpected decrease in the price level causes the quantity of output supplied to V the natural level of output in the short run. Suppose the economy's short-run aggregate supply (AS) curve is given by the following equation: Quantity ofmpm Supplied = Natural Level of Output + o X (Price LevelAmm Price Levelmmd) The Greek letter or represents a number that determines how much output responds to unexpected changes in the price level. In this case. assume that a = 54 billion. That is, when the actual price level exceeds the expected price level by 1. the quantity of output supplied will exceed the natural level of output by $4 billion. Suppose the natural level of output is $40 billion of real GDP and that people expect a price level of 100. Oh the following graph, use the purple line (diamond symbol) to plot this economy's long-run aggregate supply (tRAS) curve. Then use the orange line segments (square symbol) to plot the economy's short-run aggregate supply (AS) curve at each of the following price levels: 90, 95, 100, 105, and 1 10. r\". '81 125 12D 115 AS 110 4 0 105 - LRAS ion 95 PRICE LEVEL 90 d- 85 80 - IFS '- l l i - l l l - l l 10 20 30 40- 50 so To so so 100 OUTPUT (Billions of dollars} The short-run quantity of output supplied by firms will exceed the natural level of output when the actual price level V the price level that people expected