In the Supreme Court decision of Dred Scott v$.$ Sandford $(1857),$ Chief Justice Roger B$.$ Taney issued a majority decision that defined who could be considered an American citizen. Which of the following arguments did Taney make when defining citizenship? Click here to review the reading.

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The Declaration of Independence applied to all races, therefore it included African Americans.

The Founding Fathers did not include, nor intend to include, African Americans in their definition of citizenship; therefore, African Americans are not entitled to claim the rights of being an American citizen.

Birth in a country, regardless of race, confers the rights of citizenship.

The status of free Blacks guaranteed that citizenship would be applied equally and completely to all races.