In the world of stock selections, it is common to find statements such as Automatic Data Processing gets an upgrade from a hold to a buy at J.P. Morgan Chase, with a target price of $190, and Apple is downgraded from a buy to a hold at Goldman Sachs, with a target price of $280. In terms of the rapidity and breadth with which financial markets incorporate new information, should any of us believe these recommendations are valuable; that is, will investments in these stocks lead to superior gains? Please be precise and thorough. (Note: Your answer cannot be a simple opinion. There is a definite and factual answer.)