In this assignment, you will implement a shell. The shell should operate in this basic way: when you type in a command (in response to its prompt), the shell creates a child process that executes the command you entered and then prompts for more user input when it has finished. The shells you implement will be similar to, but simpler than, the one you run every day in Unix. If you don't know what shell you are running, it's probably bash.

Program detail Basic Shell: myshell

Your basic shell, called myshell is basically an interactive loop: it repeatedly prints a prompt myshell> (note the space after the greater-than sign), parses the input, executes the command specified on that line of input, and waits for the command to finish. This is repeated until the user types exit. The name of your final executable should be myshell. The shell can be invoked with either no arguments or a single argument; anything else is an error. Here is the no-argument way:

prompt> ./myshell

myshell> At this point, myshell is running, and ready to accept commands. Type away! The mode above is called interactive mode, and allows the user to type commands directly. The shell also supports a batch mode, which instead reads input from a batch file and executes commands from therein. Here is how you run the shell with a batch file named batch.txt: prompt> ./myshell batch.txt One difference between batch and interactive modes: in interactive mode, a prompt is printed (myshell> ). In batch mode, no prompt should be printed. You should structure your shell such that it creates a process for each new command (the exception are built-in commands, discussed below). Your basic shell should be able to parse a command and run the program corresponding to the command. For example, if the user types ls -la /tmp, your shell should run the program /bin/ls with the given arguments -la and /tmp (how does the shell know to run /bin/ls? It's something called the shell path; more on this below) Your project is to develop/write a simple shell - myshell - that has the following properties: 1. The shell must support the following internal commands:

a. cd - Change the current default directory to . If the argument is not present, report the current directory. If the directory does not exist an appropriate error should be reported. This command should also change the PWD environment variable.

b. clr - Clear the screen.

c. dir - List the contents of directory .

d. environ - List all the environment strings.

e. echo - Display on the display followed by a new line (multiple spaces/tabs may be reduced to a single space). f. help - Display the user manual using the more filter. g. pause - Pause operation of the shell until 'Enter' is pressed. h. quit - Quit the shell. i. The shell environment should contain shell=/myshell where /myshell is the full path for the shell executable(not a hardwired path back to your directory, but the one from which it was executed). 2. All other command line input is interpreted as program invocation, which should be done by the shell forking and execing the programs as its own child processes. The programs should be executed with an environment that contains the entry: parent=/myshell where /myshell is as described in 1.i. above. 3. The shell must be able to take its command line input from a file. That is, if the shell is invoked with a command line argument: myshell batchfile then batchfile is assumed to contain a set of command lines for the shell to process. When the end-of-file is reached, the shell should exit. Obviously, if the shell is invoked without a command line argument, it solicits input from the user via a prompt on the display.

4. The shell must support I/O - redirection on either or both stdin and/or stdout. That is, the command line programname arg1 arg2 < inputfile > outputfile will execute the program programname with arguments arg1 and arg2, the stdin FILE stream replaced by inputfile and the stdout FILE stream replaced by outputfile. stdout redirection should also be possible for the internal commands dir, environ, echo, & help. With output redirection, if the redirection character is > then the outputfile is created if it does not exist and truncated if it does. If the redirection token is >> then outputfile is created if it does not exist and appended to if it does.

5. The shell must support background execution of programs. An ampersand (&) at the end of the command line indicates that the shell should return to the command line prompt immediately after launching that program.

6. You are to include an implementation of command line pipes. (essentially an extension of redirection) so that commands can be strung together. An example is cat out.txt | wc l

7. The command line prompt must contain the pathname of the current directory.

Assignment Requirements

1. Design a simple command line shell that satisfies the above criteria and implements it on the specified Linux platform.

2. Write a simple manual describing how to use the shell. The manual should contain enough detail for a beginner to Linux to use it. For example, you should explain the concepts of I/O redirection, the program environment, and background program execution.

3. The makefile (all lowercase, please) MUST generate the binary file myshell (all lower case please). A sample makefile would be # mike Citizen, s1234567 - Operating Systems Project 1 # CompLab1/01 tutor: Fred Bloggs myshell: myshell.c utility.c myshell.h gcc -Wall myshell.c utility.c -o myshell The program myshell is then generated by just typing make at the command line prompt. Note: The fourth line in the above makefile MUST begin with a tab.