In this lab, we learned how to describe data using descriptive statistics and visualize data using graphs. The purpose of these techniques is to help us better understand and meaningfully summarize a complex data set. However, it is important to note that, when conclusions are reported scientifically, they are also received with greater credibility. In fact, research shows that even trivial cues such as graphs or formulas can make an advertisement seem "scientific" and, thus, more convincing to consumers. Unfortunately, this means that it is easy for individuals and organizations to exploit the prestige with which science is held in order to manipulate their audiences. Sometimes, this is done on purpose for personal gain. Mark Twain, who recognized this tendency among politicians, popularized the saying, "There are there kinds of lies: lies, damn lies, and statistics." Other times, audiences are deceived accidentally by otherwise well-intentioned analysts. In fact, it can be rather easy to overlook small details that could potentially undermine our initial conclusions. Therefore, we must seek to honestly apply proper analytic practices so that we do not undermine or own credibility or the integrity of the greater scientific community.

1. Can you think of a time when statistics (or "science" in general) was used as a political weapon? Have you ever been accused of being a "science denier?" Have you ever felt this way about someone else? How can you tell whether an argument, claim, or product really is scientifically valid? What is the most loving way to share legitimate scientific evidence that might contradict a friend's or loved one's worldview?
2. Read Proverbs 4:23. Why might it be important to consider the state of our hearts when we conduct and report research?
3. When we share research findings, people who are not knowledgeable about statistics will typically assume that our conclusions are correct. How can we avoid abusing our audience's trust? Given how easy it can be to misinterpret data, do we have a moral obligation to study and understand statistics?