In this network market, why are targeted giveaways (free pricing), which incur a real cost, more profitable than a discount strategy, where at least the cost of every machine is covered? Choose the best answer.

a. This is just an aberration and does not happen in real markets.

b. The targeted giveaway allows you to bring the lower-valuation consumers into the market. Their presence increases demand from higher-valuation consumers, enabling you to raise prices and revenues in a way that more than offsets the upfront losses.

c. The targeted giveaway allows you to bring the higher-valuation consumers into the market and thereby increase volume, which boosts network effects.

d. The discount attracts the lower-valuation consumers who are less profitable.

e. The discount attracts higher-valuation consumers who are less profitable.