Independent & Dependent Variables

An animal study is performed to assess artificial gene activation in the heart. The primary outcome is the percent fractional shortening. Fractional shortening is a simple measure of the pump function of the heart. It is the ratio between the diameter of the left ventricle when it is relaxed and its diameter when it has contracted. This was measured for each of four different treatments. Four mice completed the protocol, and the data on percent fractional shortening measured at each time point. For the repeated measure ANOVA.

What is (are) the Independent Variable(s) specific to this experiment?

What is (are) the Dependent Variable(s) specific to the experiment?

a. Different treatments

b. Fractional shortening

c. Number of mice

d. None of the above