Independent two-sample tests can be used in either a descriptive or experimental design. In a descriptive design, two samples are randomly drawn from two different populations. If the analysis yields a significant difference, we conclude that the populations from which the samples were drawn are different. In an experimental design, two samples are drawn from the same population. One sample receives a treatment and the other (control) sample either receives no treatment or a different treatment. If the analysis of the post-test scores yields a significant difference, we conclude that the experimental treatment will produce the same results in the population from which the samples were drawn.

The Dependent (or "Matched Samples") t-test is used when scores come from (1) naturally occurring pairs, such as husband-wife pairs, parent-child pairs, sibling pairs, roommates, pastor-staff minister pairs, or (2) two measures taken on a single subject, such as pre- and post-tests, or (3) two subjects that have been paired or "matched" on some variable, such as intelligence, age, or educational level.

Discuss and give an example of how you could conduct a two-sample test in your sphere of influence: in your job, in your church, or any other area of interest.