Introduction This experiment will use PASCO Capstone software to capture data from the equipment. If you will be bringing a laptop to class, please install it using this link. This experiment provides an opportunity to explore the relationship between forces and change in motion. In particular, it focuses on how "impulse" (impulse = force x time the force is applied) relates to "change in momentum" (momentum = mass x velocity). If a constant force Fis applied to an object for a time , then the object's velocity, v, will change. The change in the object's velocity is related to the force by: impulse = change in momentum I = Ft = mAv = m(vf - vi) where vyand v, are the final and initial velocities. The bold lettering indicates that these quantities are vectors; however, we will only consider motion in one dimension. The important thing to do first, in this case, is to choose a positive direction and make sure that the signs of F, v, and v; are appropriately positive or negative relative to this direction. For a constant force, if we draw a graph of how the force varies with time (e.g. the dashed line in Figure 7) then we can see that the impulse, / = Fx t, is simply the area under the graph. force (N) A I =Fxt = area of this rectangle area under graph t- ty - t. time (s) Figure 1 - Example force-time graph for a constant force For a more realistic force whose magnitude varies with time this concept generalises. So the impulse of a force whose magnitude varies with time (e.g. the dashed line in Figure 2) is the area under the graph. force (N) A I = area under graph Fav - Rectangle of same area as under curve - height is F time (s) Figure 2 - Example force-time graph for a varying force It is more difficult to calculate this area. In this experiment we will use the computer to calculate the area. For anyone familiar with calculus we have: impulse = area under force-time graph = "F(1)d: The average force, Fan is the constant force which would produce the same impulse over the same time period (indicated by the grey box in Figure 2). So if we know the impulse (equivalently the change in momentum) we can divide by t to find Favi Fact = 1 = For = _ = mauPlease enter the [W obtained from your t: : Impulse - Momentum Theorem PM = mAv 1' S Sketch the velocity-time graph and force-time graph for the K9 m/s collision with the light spring into your logbook. Tme or false: This result supports the idea that the impulse of a force is Win the change in momentum Useful Data experienced. (No answer given) a because the intervals overlap at l: mom 250,10. uncertainties. (Enter the smallest integer multiple of the uncertainties required to obtain an overlap between the expected and measured intervals) Uncertainty in vetoclty: 0.1 mfs Please entetthe ! obtained f yourflt: Sketch the force-time graphs for the 2 different springs and [:1 rubber bumper Into your logbook and compare them. Provide an example of where this concept is used to improve safety. other than from the car industry. 1 [:1 Provide an explanation for where the change in momentum came from given that momentum is conserved. True or false: This result supports the Impulse Momentum theorem (that the impulse of a force is mm the change in momentum experienced). (No answer given) = because the intervals overlap at S uncertainties. (Enter the smallest integer multiple of the uncertainties required to obtain an overlap between the expected and measured intervals)