It is well-documented that active maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower-birth-weight babies. Researchers wanted to determine if there is a relationship between paternal smoking habits and birth weight. Specifically, they wanted to know if babies born to smoking fathers weighed less on average than babies born to non-smoking fathers. Birth weights for a random sample of babies (in grams) of non-smoking mothers were obtained within 15 days of birth, and divided into two groups: non-smoking fathers, and fathers who smoked regularly during the pregnancy.

a. What should the hypotheses be? Give the hypotheses in words, and also give them using correct symbols.

b. Calculate a P-value. Tell me exactly what you are doing (including what function and what technology you're using).

c. Make a conclusion based on that P-value, using = 0.05. Birth weights for nonsmoking fathers (in grams) Birth weights for smoking fathers (in grams) 30 30 3665.5 3460.4 356.0 452.6