It wasn't long ago that products from Apple, perhaps the most recognizable name in electronics manufacturing around the world, were made entirely in United States. This is not the case anymore. Noe, almost all of the approximately 70 million iPhones, 30 million iPads, and 59 million other apple products sold yearly are manufactured overseas. This change represents more than 20,000 jobs directly lost by U.S workers not to mention more than700,000 other jobs given to foreign companies in Asia, Europe and elsewhere. The loss is not temporary. As the late Steve P Jobs, Apple's iconic cofounder, told President Obama, "Those jobs aren't coming back".

At first glance, the transfer of jobs from one workforce to another would seem to hinge on a difference in wages, but Apple shows this is an oversimplification. In fact, some say paying US wages would add only $65 to each iPhone's expense, while Apple's profits average hundreds of dollars per phone. Rather and of more concern, Apple's leaders believe the intrinsic characteristics-which they identify as flexibility, diligence, and industrial skills- of the labor force available to them in China are superior to those of the US labor force. Apple executives tell of shorter lead times and faster manufacturing processes in China that are becoming the stuff of company legend. "The speed and flexibility is breathtaking", one executive said. "There's no American plant that can match that." Another said "We shouldn't be criticized for using Chinese workers. The U.S and western European workers are less motivated and less adaptable, it's hard to imagine that does not spell trouble for the future of the American workforce. Perhaps, though Apple's switch from one hundred percent American-made items to ten percent represents natural growth pattern of a company going global. At this point, the IPhone is largely designed in the United States (where apple has 43000 employees); parts are made in South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, Europe and elsewhere; and products are assembled in China. The future of at least 247 suppliers worldwide depends on Apple's approximately $30.1 billion in orders per quarter. And we can't forget that Apple posted $16.1 billion in revenue from China in the first quarter of 2015, up 70 percent from the first quarter of 2014, perhaps in part because its manufacturing in China builds support for the brand there.

As the maker of some of the most cutting edge, revered products in the electronics marketplace, perhaps Apple serves not as a failure of one country to hold onto a company completely but as one of the best examples of global ingenuity.

Questions

Q1. Do you agree with Apple's decision of outsourcing products to other countries? Why or why not?

Q2. In your opinion what will be theeffects of going Global on US laborers?

Q3. How managers can use worker flexibility to increase competitiveness of manufacturing sites?