James is a newly qualified dentist. In July 2022 he started work at Smiles Dental Surgery in Camford. The following incidents took place in his first week at the surgery. James gave an injection to Rick. Because he was nervous James inserted the needle into one of Rick's facial nerves by mistake. Normally this would cause the patient slight discomfort for a few days but Rick's facial nerves were unusually weak and the misplaced injection caused Rick permanent facial damage.

James treated Carol. As Carol walked through the waiting room, she tripped over a child's toys left on the floor. The surgery keeps some toys in the waiting room to amuse child patients. Carol suffered a bruised shoulder. The following week, when Carol returned to the surgery for more treatment, she noticed a number of magazines scattered across the waiting room floor.

James treated Nasim who came to the surgery with a loose tooth caused when Nasim was struck by his brother Imran following an argument. James mended the tooth but advised Nasim to refrain from activities likely to damage the tooth for three months, so the tooth had time to heal properly. The following week, Nasim lost the tooth while playing rugby when Sam tackled him. Sam was sent off by the umpire for his dangerous tackle.

Advise the parties if they can bring a claim against James

Using the IRAC method