Jason is a 15-year-old boy, born out of wedlock. His mother, Jane, lost both her parents in a car accident at the age of 10 years. At the time of their untimely death, they were staying in a flat in Sunnyside, Tshwane. The family decided that Jane's uncle and his wife should be Jane`s caregivers. Jane's uncle started raping her at the age of 11 years and his wife was aware of these misdeeds. She was, however, afraid of reporting him because he was physically, emotionally, and financially abusive towards her. Jane's aunt took out her frustration on Jane and was physically abusive towards her and blamed her for the rape incidents. At the age of thirteen, she [Jane] met Carl who worked as a security guard at a local supermarket. Carl was 24 years of age when they started 'dating'. At the age of 14 years, Jane was pregnant and dropped out of school. Her uncle threw her out of her parent's flat and she went to stay with Carl at his flat that he shared with two other friends. Jane gave birth just after turning 15. Carl introduced Jane to alcohol and tik. They both used substances even through her pregnancy. Carl was emotionally absent during the pregnancy and did not offer any financial support. Jason grew up witnessing his father beating his mom to a pulp to such an extent that his mother often used him as a shield during their physical fights. Jane gathered strength and opened a case against Carl for assault. He was arrested and remained in police custody for a week. Upon his release, he packed his belongings and left. However, Jane continued abusing substances and used the child support grant to support her habits. Jason was only eight years of age when his father left and he grew up angry and blamed himself for his father's disappearance. Jason started school at the age of nine because he was diagnosed with a learning disability at the age of six. He was often disruptive in class, struggled to concentrate, and got into unprovoked fights with other learners. The school had previously warned Jason for not adhering to the school's code of conduct. The necessary interventions were provided, i.e., arranging family sessions with a social worker. However, Jason and his mother did not honour any of the appointments. One morning, during a life orientation class, he got into a fight with another learner. The teacher reprimanded him and asked him to leave the class. He then decided to stab the teacher with a pen in the neck. This incident was the turning point for the school, and he was expelled with immediate effect. A case of assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm (GBH) was opened. He landed up in a juvenile correctional facility at the age of 17. Based on the case study above, answer the following questions:

1.1 Present a detailed discussion on the nine propositions of Sutherland's differential association theory by indicating how criminal behaviour is learnt. Your answer should contain information from the case study. (25)