Jereld Kim founded Kimco LTD, a firm that is currently one of the largest producers of paper and pulp with annual sales of AUD 800 Million. Kim located his first plant in a rural town in Tasmania, partly to create jobs for the many unemployed workers in the area. The firm has always been active in the affairs of the community and donates generously to local civic and charitable organizations. Kimco also takes special pride in promoting a family atmosphere among its employees. Personnel experts believe that these policies are largely responsible for the enviable productivity record of Kimco's workers.

During the last 50 years, Kimco had an impressive record of growth in earnings and sales. But as the company grew, the top-level management of the company was reluctant to decentralize and delegate authority to the lower business units. Randy Cole who was appointed as the CEO of the company commence to decentralize the company operation. One major change involved the company's capital budgeting procedures. Kimco didn’t have a formal mechanism for capital projects. Randy appointed a six-person capital expenditures committee (CEC) that would decide projects costing more than $200,000. Smaller expenditures would be decided at the regional and local levels.

At present (2022) the CEC is considering two alternatives for achieving a much-needed increase in the firm's production capacity. One option involves modernizing the existing plant in Launceston, Tasmania. If the plant is not renovated soon, production would drop to 150,000 tons per year for the next ten years. The other alternative is to build a new mill at Devonport, Tasmania. For this purpose, Kimco expects to use a land slot purchased 10 years ago for $30 million. Currently, this land has been used as a storage facility which was constructed five years ago for a cost of $5.0 million dollars. The current market value of the land is $40 million. The land value (price) of this area record 2.5% annual growth.

EMPLOYEE CONCERNS

Some CEC members are worried about the impact on employee morale if the factory is relocated. "Apparently," says Smith, "there is considerable opposition to closing down the old factory, judging from the inaccurate figures we received." It is noted, however, that the move will "most certainly" not cost anyone a job, but will, in fact, create new positions, including some relatively high-paying managerial ones. Nonetheless, it was obvious that the proposed relocation would impose costs on the employees. Many would either have to relocate to Devonport or face a 200-kilometre round trip daily commute. Smith wondered if it "was fair and appropriate" to ask the employees to bear such costs, especially considering the remarkable loyalty the Launceston employees had shown to the company. She notes that a large proportion of the employees have worked for Kimco for more than 10 years.

"One thing is clear," remarks a subdued Randy. "If we choose to relocate the plant, it is important that it does not appear to be some type of ivory-tower decision that would be inconsistent with the management philosophy we promoted all these years. Smith, I am sensitive to the issues you bring up. Employee morale and employee loyalty are very important considerations. Maybe we could work something out-you know, like some type of moving allowance or separation package who do not wish to relocate." Randy also reminded the committee that Devonport was the closest suitable site to Launceston should the company move.

Old plant in Launceston,

With the reduced capacity (150,000 tons per year) the old machine can be used for another 10 years and sold the remaining for $5 million. If the company decide to cease the operation of the old plant, the salvage value of the old will be $25 Million at the end of year 3.

Alternative 1: Modernising the existing plant.

At the beginning of the next three years (Year 0 to Year 2), the company need to spend $60Million annually as the cost of modernisation of the existing plant. The modernisation, which expects to complete at the end of year 3, will extend the life of the old plant for another 20 years (year 4 to 23). Any expenses incurred for the modernisation can be written off during the next 20-year period for taxation purposes. The salvage value of the modernised plant at the end of year 23 (after using 20 years) will be $5 Million. During the period of modernisation (from year 1 to year 3), the production level will be limited to 150,000 tons per year. It is expected the modernisation to increase the production capacity up to 300,000 tons per year from the end of year 4 to year 23 (for the next 20 years period). Modernization will help to improve labour productivity and thereby the labour cost. The annual fixed operating cost will be $9.0 million at the end of year four. The fixed operating cost will be increased by 1.4% per year. See the table given below for the other information.

The figures on modernizing the existing facility at Launceston are more controversial, however. Information on this project was originally sent by the management of the Launceston plant and is also presented in the table. The controversy centres on the estimated tonnage per year of the plant and its per unit variable cost. Smith politely pointed out that it would be "extremely difficult for an old facility like the one at Launceston to achieve the output of 300,000 tons per year." In contrast to Smith’s mild reaction was Randy's angry response. "You can forget it! I'll be the NBA's MVP before that plant puts out that tonnage!"

Alternative 2: New plant in Devon Port.

Miskin Smith, a member of the CEC, was responsible for estimating the cost and yearly cash flows from building the new paper mill at Devonport. She has provided the following estimates. The new plant aims to get the maximum possible benefits from emerging technologies. If the company proceed with the new plant, the production facility in Launceston will be ceased to operate. The remaining plant will be sold at the end of year 3 when the new plant is ready for manufacturing. Any employees, who are not ready to relocate to the new plant will be compensated. It needs a $30 Million one-off payment at year 4. It will take three years to construct the new plant. The scheduled expenses during these three years have been given in the table below. The construction cost of the new plant can be written off for the taxation during its life of 20 years starting with year 4 (Year 4 to Year 23). The salvage value of the new plant at the end of its useful life will be $75 million. The land can be sold in 20 years on the forecasted market value.

Table: The information on the expected restructuring

	Existing	Modernisation of the old plant	New plant
Start of the production (see note 1)	Now	From year – 4 to year 23	From year – 4 to year 23
Annual production capacity	150,000 Tons	225,000 Tons	400,000 Tons
Retirement of the plant (useful time)	Year 10	Year 23	Year 23
Capital cost
Year 0	Nil	$50,000,000	$200,000,000
Year 1	Nil	$50,000,000	$175,000,000
Year 2	Nil	$50,000,000	$125,000,000
Additional Working capital-at the end of year 3 (can be recovered at the end of the project)		$10,000,0000	$10,000,0000
Operating cost
Labour cost per ton	$325	$280 in Year 4	$220 in Year 4
Annual increase labour cost	2%	2%	2%
Material and other variables	$415	$440 in Year 4	$440 in Year 4
Fixed operating cost	$4,000,000	$9,000,000 in Year 4	$11,520,000 in Year 4
The annual increase in fixed operating cost	1.2%	1.4%	1.4%
Sale price	$920 per ton	$1,005 per ton At the year 4	$1,005 per ton At the year 4
The annual increase in the sale price	3%	3%	3%
The project cost of capital	12%
Corporate tax rate	30%

Note 1: The operation of the old plant will be stopped at the end of year 3 if the proposed modernisation or the construction has been implemented).

MORE CONTROVERSY

Both projects are assumed to last 20 years. This is a relatively long-time horizon for a capital budgeting project, but the company feels a paper mill is unlikely to become technologically obsolete since paper production techniques have changed very little in the last century. At least one CEC member, however, thinks that a 20-year period is too long for the "modernize-the-old" option. Past experience, he argues, indicates that revitalizing an existing facility will rarely extend its life that much, and 10 years seems more probable. If so, he wonders if "we aren't being extremely charitable to the Launceston plant. The rest of the committee concedes that 15 years may be a bit long but decides to retain this time period as a working hypothesis.

QUESTIONS

Application of theory (Points 25)

Explain the stakeholder theory. How you can use the stakeholder theory used to explain the corporate behaviours of Kimco Limited? (6 points)

Critically evaluate the ethical consideration related to the line of business of Kimco. How that consideration can affect the financial decisions making of the company. (6 Points)

Write a letter to Kimco Management explaining how the company can be a better corporate citizen and how it can be worth it to the investors. (6 Points)

Explain the relevant cash flows for evaluation of the capital project. Are there any opportunity costs or sunk costs that need to consider in the proposed restructuring alternatives of Kimco? (7 Points)

You are required to develop an excel worksheet (A model worksheet that can be used for sensitivity analysis) to answer the following questions. You expect to use excel tools in developing your works sheet. The worksheet you develop should be able to use for the scenario analysis with minimum changes.

5 Building a new mill requires more capital investment than modernizing the old mill but generate more in yearly cash flow. How you can address this dilemma in cash flow identification. Explain. (5 points)

Scenario analysis - Calculate the NPVs for each project in each scenario (20 Points)

13 There is also some concern about the price per ton The base-case estimates assumed a price of $1,005 per ton in year 4, but a number of managers predict $950 as the most possible price per metric ton.

i Calculate the NPV of each project

ii Now assume if the price per ton is $1200 at the year 4, what would be the NPV.

14 Management initially assumed a unit variable cost of $440 per metric ton. Management feels the current environmental concern on the material used for the production of paper, the variable cost per metric ton will be $480 at the year 4. Assuming all other information is not changed, estimate the NPV.

15 Some managers believe that the output estimate in both alternatives should be less than 10% of the current estimate per year. Recalculate the NPV based on the other managers' predictions.

16 Do the results of 13-15 affect your project choice in question 11? Explain.

Interest Rates

12. Is it appropriate to use the same discount rate to evaluate both proposals? Explain your position.

17. There is some concern about the interest rates used to evaluate each project. Top management thinks that the 12 per cent rate used may be somewhat low. In addition, several managers persuasively argued that the rate used to evaluate the new facility should be a bit higher than the rate for the renovation. They argued that the new facility is of higher risk since it involves a larger sales increase. After much discussion, management decides to evaluate the projects in the following scenarios (keep all other values at their base-case estimates).

Scenario	Build New - %	Renovate (Lees Pt.)-%
#1	12.25	12
#2	12.50	12
#3	12.75	12
#4	13.50	12

Estimated the NPV under each scenario. Comment on your estimates