Jim and Pam are two salespeople at The Magna Corporation. Pam is a great salesperson who always overshoots her targets, while Jim is a perennial underachiever when it comes to achieving targets. In an effort to improve his prospects, Jim shadows Pam during her sales calls. This increases his confidence that he can close more sales too. Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is represented by this example?

Vicarious modeling

Focused training

Enactive mastery

Verbal persuasion

Arousal