Jouival University is a Canadian university that prides itself on having students with high levels of conscientiousness (personality trait referring to people who are organized, self- disciplined, and good at controlling their impulses). They measure conscientiousness using the Big Five Personality Inventory, which provides scores that range from 7 to 45. They know that on average, university students in Canada have an average score of 25 on the conscientiousness subscale of the Big Five Inventory

Their students score an average of 28 on the same conscientiousness subscale. They claim that 28 is larger than 25, and present a t-test as evidence: t(100) = 3.25, p = .00157, d = 0.32. They conclude that students from SmartyPants University have higher conscientiousness than the average student in Canada. Assume a one-tailed alpha = .01

What kind of t-test was most likely used here?

Does the t-test support their conclusions? How do you know?

What does the effect size measure reported tell you about the strength of the relationship?

The researcher did not present the confidence interval for the results, which would be important to know how precise the estimates are. However, with a little bit of math you can recover the confidence interval from what is reported. Using only the information provided above, calculate the two-tailed 95% confidence interval for the mean difference.