Judicial Institutions: In Japan, the judicial system is based on the constitution of 1947. The Supreme Court is the highest court, followed by high courts, district courts, family courts, and summary courts. Judges are appointed by the Cabinet and confirmed by the Emperor. In contrast, Fiji's judicial system is based on the British model due to its colonial history. The Supreme Court is the highest court, followed by the Court of Appeal, High Court, and Magistrates' Court. Judges are appointed by the President on the advice of the Judicial Services Commission. Judicial Roles: In Japan, judges interpret the law, ensure its constitutionality, and resolve disputes. They are independent and only subject to the constitution and the laws. In Fiji, judges have similar roles. They interpret the law, ensure its constitutionality, and resolve disputes. However, they also have a role in protecting the rights of the indigenous Fijian population, as outlined in the constitution. Changes in Judicial Roles: In Japan, there has been a shift towards more transparency and public involvement in the judicial process. For example, the introduction of the lay judge system in 2009 allows citizens to participate in criminal trials. In Fiji, changes in the judicial role have been influenced by political instability and coups. The judiciary has had to navigate issues of legality and constitutionality related to these events. Similarities and Differences: Both countries have a hierarchical court