Justin and Hailey have been married for 28 years. Justin had a net worth of $10,000,000 when he died in 2015. Which of the following scenarios would incur the lowest overall (at Justin's death and Hailey's death) estate taxes assuming the property transfers at equal value at the death of both individuals and utilizing 2015 estate tax rates? Assume that portability is not elected. For full credit, show your calculations for each scenario and justify your answer.

a)Justin's will directs the transfer of $3,000,000 to his two children and the remainder of his assets to his wife, Hailey.

b)Justin's will directs that all of his property is transferred to Hailey.

c)At Justin's death, specific bequests totaling $1,000,000 are transferred per the direction of the will to individuals other than Hailey. The remainder of the assets are transferred to a trust with the income payable to Hailey for her life and the remainder interest payable to the children at Hailey's death. Justin's executor elected to treat this as a QTIP trust.

d)In his will, Justin funds a trust with $5,430,000 for the benefit of his two children. Hailey will receive an annual income distribution from the trust. All other assets will transfer to Hailey.