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1. A research study was done to test whether aSpirin was beneficial in reducing myocardial infarctions. The study population consisted of over 22,000 physicians who were randomly assigned to either aspirin or a placebo. Out of 15,889 who took a placebo, 9,854 did not have any attack and about 1,385 who took aspirin still had an attack. WITH MI ATTACK NO MI ATTACK TOTAL ASPIRIN mom a. What is the incidence among those who were exposed? Use 1,000 as the multiplication factor and answer should be in whole numbers. b. What is the incidence among those who were not exposed? Use 1,000 as the multiplication factor and answer should be in whole numbers. 0. What is the relative risk of getting myocardial infarction to those who took aspirin compared to those who do not? Use the already rounded off answers in the previous items when computing and answer should be in two decimal places. d. What is the interpretation of your result? (No association, positive association or negative association) 2. A study is done to examine whether there is an association between the daily use of vitamins C and risk of coronary artery disease over a 10-year period. There were about 3,110 participants under the study and around 1,342 do not take vitamin C daily. About 256 developed coronary artery disease who take vitamin C daily and there was a total of 2,108 participants who had no coronary artery disease. WITH CAD DAILY USE OF VITAMIN C TOTAL a. What is the incidence among those who were exposed? Use 1,000 as the multiplication factor and answer should be in whole numbers. b. What is the incidence among those who were not exposed? Use 1,000 as the multiplication factor and answer should be in whole numbers. 0. What is the relative risk of getting coronary artery disease to those who take vitamin 0 daily compared to those who do not? Use the already rounded off answers in the previous items when computing and answer should be in two decimal places. d- What is the interpretation of your result? (No association, positive association or negative association) 3. Mr. Bong Ordaneza and his colleagues carried out a study about how likely does smoking contributes to developing atherosclerotic heart disease (AHD). There was a total of 40 participants who joined the study. Below is the result: WITH AHD WITHOUT AHD Smoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Smoker Smoker Nonsmoker Smoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Smoker Smoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Smoker Smoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Smoker Smoker Smoker Nonsmoker Smoker Nonsmoker Smoker Smoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Nonsmoker Smoker Smoker Smoker Nonsmoker Smoker Nonsmoker CONTROL TOTAL SMOKER NONSMOKER SMOKER CASE NONSMOKER a. What is the formula for computing the matched-pair odds ratio? b. What is the result of the matched-pair odds ratio? Answer should be in two decimal places. c. If we unmatch the pairs, how many participants would be in cell a? d. If we unmatch the pairs, how many participants would be in cell b? e. If we unmatch the pairs, how many participants would be in cell c? f. If we unmatch the pairs, how many participants would be in cell d? CASE CONTROL TOTAL SMOKER NONSMOKER g. What is the formula in getting the unmatched odds ratio? h. What would be the result of the unmatched odds ratio? Answer should be in two decimal places. i. How will you interpret the association of the result in the unmatched odds ratio computed? (Positive, negative or none)4. A study by Ms. Cristela Candelario used matched pairs to look at risk factors for adenomatous polyps of the colon. Both cases and controls had undergone sigmoidoscopyc screening, with controls matched to cases based on time of screening, clinic, age, and sex. The effects of low fruit and vegetable consumption (defined as two or fewer servings per day) were analyzed. There was a total of 26 participants. Below is the result: WITH ADENOMATOUS POLYPS WITHOUT ADENOMATOUS POLYPS Low consumption High consumption Low consumption Low consumption Low consumption High consumption Low consumption Low consumption Low consumption High consumption High consumption Low consumption High consumption High consumption Low consumption High consumption Low consumption Low consumption High consumption Low consumption High consumption High consumption Low consumption Low consumption Low consumption Low consumption CONTROL TOTAL LOW CONSUMPTION HIGH CONSUMPTION LOW CONSUMPTION CASE HIGH CONSUMPTION What is the formula for computing the matched-pair odds ratio? b. What is the result of the matched-pair odds ratio? Answer should be in two decimal places. c. If we unmatch the pairs, how many participants would be in cell a? d. If we unmatch the pairs, how many participants would be in cell b? e. If we unmatch the pairs, how many participants would be in cell c? f. If we unmatch the pairs, how many participants would be in cell d? CASE CONTROL TOTAL LOW CONSUMPTION HIGH CONSUMPTION g. What is the formula in getting the unmatched odds ratio? h. What would be the result of the unmatched odds ratio? Answer should be in two decimal places. How will you interpret the association of the result in the unmatched odds ratio computed? (Positive, negative or none)5. In this fictitious example of a cohort study, we found that in a factory of 3,000 workers, 1,000 workers were exposed to toxic substances, and 2,000 were not. During the study period, 800 of the exposed workers developed some type of lung disease, and only 40 of the non-exposed workers developed a lung disease. LUNG DISEASE TOTAL DEVELOPED DID NOT DEVELOP TOXIC EXPOSED SUBSTANCES NONEXPOSED TOTAL a. What is the incidence of lung disease among exposed workers? Use 1,000 as the multiplication factor and answer should be in whole numbers. b. What is the incidence of lung disease among non-exposed workers? Use 1,000 as the multiplication factor and answer should be in whole numbers. c. What is the incidence of lung disease in exposed workers that can be attributed to being exposed to asbestos? Use the already rounded off answers in the previous items when computing and answer should be in whole numbers. d. What is the proportion of the total incidence of lung disease in those exposed workers that is attributable to asbestos? Use the already rounded off answers in the previous items when computing and answer should be in whole numbers.6. In the year 2010, there were 2,485 births. In reviewing the ir birth certificates, you found that 1,918 had low birthweights and 1,102 had mothers who smoked during pregnancy. Of the mothers who smoked during pregnancy, you found that 121 did not have a low birth weight baby. Low Birth Weight TOTAL Yes No Smoked during Yes Pregnancy No TOTAL a. What is the incidence of low birth weight among those women who smoked during pregnancy? Use 1,000 as the multiplication factor and answer should be in whole numbers. b. What is the incidence of low birth weight among those women who did not smoked during pregnancy? Use 1,000 as the multiplication factor and answer should be in whole numbers. c. What is the attributable risk percentage among those women who smoked during pregnancy? Use the already rounded off answers in the previous items when computing and answer should be in whole numbers. d. What is the proportion of the total incidence of low birth weight in women who smoked during pregnancy that is attributable to smoking? Use the already rounded off answers in the previous items when computing and answer should be in whole numbers.T. In this fictitious example of a cohort study, we found that in a factory of 3000 workers, 1000 workers were exposed to toxic substances, and 2000 were not. During the stu dy period, 800 of the exposed workers developed some type of lung disease, and only 40 of the nonexposed workers developed a lung disease. A. Create a 2x2 table. LUNG DISEASE TOTAL DEVELOPED DID NOT DEVELOP TOXIC EXPOSED SUBSTANCES nonexposeo B. What is the incidence of lung disease among exposed workers? C. What is the incidence of lung disease in non-exposed workers? D. What is the attributable risk percentage in the exposed group