Kofair was founded in September 2007 and is one of a growing number of low-cost airlines in the country of Shania. Kofairs strategy is to operate as a low-cost, high efficiency airline, and it does this by:

Operating mostly in secondary cities to reduce landing costs.

Using only one type of aircraft in order to reduce maintenance and operational costs. These planes are leased rather than bought outright.

Having only one category of seat class.

Having no pre-allocated seats or in-flight entertainment.

Focusing on e-commerce with customers both booking tickets and checking in for flights online.

The airline was given an on time arrival ranking of seventh best by the countrys aviation authority, who rank all 50 of the countrys airlines based on the number of flights which arrive on time at their destinations. 48 Kofair flights were cancelled in 2013 compared to 35 in 2012. This increase was due to an increase in the staff absentee rate at Kofair from 3 days per staff member per year to 45 days.

The average ground turnaround time for airlines in Shania is 50 minutes, meaning that, on average, planes are on the ground for cleaning, refuelling, etc for 50 minutes before departing again. Customer satisfaction surveys have shown that 85% of customers are happy with the standard of cleanliness on Kofairs planes.

The number of passengers carried by the airline has grown from 300,000 passengers on a total of 3,428 flights in 2013 to 920,000 passengers on 7,650 flights in 2019. The overall growth of the airline has been helped by the limited route licensing policy of the Shanian government, which has given Kofair almost monopoly status on some of its routes. However, the government is now set to change this policy with almost immediate effect, and it has become more important than ever to monitor performance effectively.

Required:

(a) Describe each of the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard. (6 marks)

(b) For each perspective of the balanced scorecard, identify one goal together with a corresponding performance measure which could be used by Kofair to measure the companys performance. The goals and measures should be specifically relevant to Kofair. For each pair of goals and measures, explain why you have chosen them.