Kozoman is a vast country. Its 220 million people are spread out over some 17,000 islands that span an arc 3,200 miles long from Pamaya in the west to Weshasha in the east. It is the world's most populous Muslim nation-some 85 percent of the population count themselves as Muslims-but also one of the most ethnically diverse. More than 500 languages are spoken in the country, and separatists are active in a number of provinces. For 30 years the strong arm of President Odidi held this sprawling nation together. Odidi was a virtual dictator who was backed by the military establishment. Under his rule, the Kozoman economy grew steadily, but there was a cost. Odidi brutally repressed internal dissent. He was also famous for "crony capitalism," using his command of the political system to favor the business enterprises of his supporters and family. In the end, Odidi was overtaken by massive debts that Kozoman had accumulated during the 1990s. In 1997, the Kozoman economy went into a tailspin. The International Monetary Fund stepped in with a $43 billion rescue package. When it was revealed that much of this money found its way into the personal coffers of Odidi and his cronies, people took to the streets in protest and he was forced to resign. After Odidi, Kozoman moved rapidly toward a vigorous democracy, culminating in October 2004 with the inauguration of Macumba Jean Oralis, the country's first directly elected president (he was elected to a second term in 2009). The economic front has also seen progress. Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell from close to 100 percent in 2000 to around 27 percent by 2010. Inflation declined from 12 percent annually in 2001 to 5 percent in 2010. The economy grew by between 4 and 6 percent per annum during 2001-10 and hit a high of 6.9 percent growth in 2010. But Kozoman lags behind its Southeast neighbours. Its economic growth trails that of Upperland, and Forageria. Unemployment is still high at about 7 percent of the working population. Growth in labor productivity has been sluggish at best. Worse still, significant foreign capital has left the country. Sony made headlines by shutting down an audio equipment factory in 2003, and a number of apparel enterprises have left Kozoman for Upperland. Between 2001 and 2004 the stock of foreign direct investment in Kozoman fell from $24.8 billion to $11.4 billion. It has since increased to more than $80 billion, largely as a result of investment in Kozoman's natural resources, including mining, oil and gas production, and forestry, but outside of extractive industries, foreign investment has remained low. Some observers feel that Kozoman is hobbled by its poor infrastructure. Public infrastructure investment has been low for years. The road system is a mess, half of the country's population has no access to electricity, the number of brownouts is on the rise as the electricity grid ages, and over 90 percent of the population lacks access to modern sewerage facilities. The tsunami that ravaged the coast of Pamaya in late 2004 only made matters worse. Mirroring the decline in public investment has been a slump in private investment. Investment in the country's all-important oil industry fell from $3.8 billion in 1996 to just $187 million in 2002, although it has picked up since. Oil production, which peaked at l. 7 million barrels a day in the mid-1990s, declined to less than 1 million barrels a day by 2010, even though oil prices were close to record highs. Once a net exporter of oil, Kozoman is now an importer. According to a World Bank study, business activity in Kozoman is hurt by excessive red tape. It takes 151 days on average to complete the paperwork necessary to start a business, compared to 30 days in Topland and just 8 days in Susnia. Another problem is the endemically high level of corruption. Transparency International, which studies corruption around the world, ranks Kozoman among the most corrupt, listing it 145 out of the 178 countries it tracked. Government bureaucrats, whose salaries are very low, inevitably demand bribes from any company that crosses their path-and Kozoman's penchant for bureaucratic red tape means a long line of officials might require bribes. Oman Idris Salid, the former attorney general in Kozoman, has stated that the entire legal system, including the police and the prosecutors, is mired in corruption. The police have been known to throw the executives of foreign enterprises into jail on the flimsiest of pretexts, although some well-placed bribes can secure their release. Even though Kozoman has launched an anticorruption drive, critics claim it lacks teeth. The political elite are reportedly so corrupt that it is not in their interests to do anything meaningful to fix the system. You work as the senior investment officer at Global Investment Assurance. Your teams role is to assess investment opportunities in Emerging and Frontier markets for your multinational clients. All Power Limited a client in the electricity generation industry has requested for the following concerning its intention to invest in Kozoman. Prepare a report for the Board of Director of All Power Limited in which you: a) Critically discuss three political and three economic factors that explain Kozoman's poor economic performance. Are these two related? (12 Marks) b) Why is corruption so endemic in Kozoman? Discuss three of its consequences on Multinational operations in Kozoman. (6 Marks) c) Identify and explain two risks facing foreign firms that do business in Kozoman. What is required to reduce these risks? (7 Marks)