l5. Imagine that you completed a take home exam but were disappointed when you found out you only answered half of the questions correctly. You were sure that you had done better on the exam, so you emailed the professor and asked her to double check that the correct answer key was used to grade your test. According to the expectancy theory of motivation, which aspect of motivation is at a low level in this example? a. Valence b. Expectancy c. Instrumentality d. Self efcacy