Learning in Popular Culture Cooperation / collaboration towards shared goals Inferential thinking \"You're not that smart; how'd you figure it out?\" \"I tried to imagine a fella smarter than myself. Then I tried to think, 'What would he do?\" Observation and role-modeling Organizational Learning ' Organizational learning occurs when firms generate new knowledge, understanding or insight that facilitates either new behaviors or the improvement of existing ones (Crossan, Lane, (S: White, 1999; Fiol and Lyles, 1985; Huber, 1991; Seidle, 2015) What learning is NOT: X Short-term change that then reverts to previous tendencies X Poorly understood change (even when beneficial) X Happenstance, random variation, luck ... Session 21 - Learning and Innovation - 3 - Learning in Organizational Studies . Experiential learning (March, 1991; Smit, Junginger, & Smits, 2007; Thomke, 2001; Van de Ven & Polley, 1992) > "the adaptation of organizational rules to environmental changes as experienced by the organization" (Holmqvist, 2003: 97) . Organizations tend to improve performance as they gain direct, first-hand experience with a process or undertaking . Learning curve effects Session 21 - Learning and Innovation - 4 -Learning in Organizational Studies . Vicarious learning (Baker & Sinkula, 2007; Myers, 2021; Srinivasan, Haunschild, & Grewal, 2007) > "attempt to reduce uncertainty by attending to visible and comparable organizations' actions for clues about how to interpret their own situation and act" (Baum, Li, & Usher, 2000: 767; cf. Srinivasan, Haunschild, & STILS Grewal, 2007) 3853 3952 . Organizations tend to improve performance when they are able to observe the actions of relevant others and infer cause- and-effect relationships Session 21 - Learning and Innovation - 5 -Learning in Organizational Studies Inter-organizational learning (Doz, 1996; Hamel, Doz, & Prahalad, 1989; Lane & Lubatkin, 1998; Larsson, Bengtsson, Henriksson, & Sparks, 1998) via GM links to an external party from which focal firm obtains TOYOTA insights O . Organizations tend to improve performance when they work closely and productively with motivated partnersOrganizational Learning and Innovation Article Research Question Conception of Learning Novelty of Resulting Innovation Key Findings Cohen & Levinthal (1990) How does a firm's level of prior related Experiential (learning by doing) Not specified (DV of R&D intensity) . Requirement of both inward-looking and outward- knowledge affect its subsequent ability to looking components of absorptive capacities for evaluate and utilize outside knowledge? successful organizational learning . Limitations of learning by doing to subsequent innovative activity; "Learning by doing does not contribute to the diversity that is critical to learning about or creating something that is relatively new" (p. 134) March (1991) What is the relation between exploration Experiential (exploitation and Low (exploitation) and high . Abiding need to maintain both exploration and of distant new possibilities and exploration) (exploration) exploitation in the proper equilibrium exploitation of existing certainties in organizational learning? - Inhibitory effects of learning on experimentation . . . Chappin, Faber & Meeus What learning patterns can be identified in Experiential (trial-and-error learning) High (pre-competitive knowledge - Discovery of three distinct learning patterns: 1) (2018) early-stage R&D? Do they change over generation project) virtuous cycle; 2) verification cycle; and 3) vacuous time? learning cycle . Past research has tended to > examine only one particular learning type for its influence on innovation > consider innovations of either low or high technological novelty - or to not address the novelty underlying the innovations studied