Leather Works is a family-owned maker of leather travel bags and briefcases located in the northeastern part of the United States. Foreign competition has forced its owner, Heather Gray, to explore new ways to meet the competition. One of her cousins, Wallace Hayes, who recently graduated from college with a major in accounting, told her about the use of cost variance analysis to learn about efficiencies of production.

In May of last year, Heather asked Matt Jones, chief accountant, and Alfred Prudest, production manager, to implement a standard costing system. Matt and Alfred, in turn, retained Shannon Leikam, an accounting professor at Harding's College, to set up a standard costing system by using information supplied to her by Matt's and Alfred's staff. To verify that the information was accurate, Shannon visited the plant and measured workers' output using time and motion studies. During those visits, she was not accompanied by either Matt or Alfred, and the workers knew about Shannon's schedule in advance. The cost system was implemented in June of last year.

Recently, the following dialogue took place among Heather, Matt, and Alfred:

HEATHER: How is the business performing? ALFRED: You know, we are producing a lot more than we used to, thanks to the contract that you helped obtain from Lean, Inc., for laptop covers. (Lean is a national supplier of computer accessories.) MATT: Thank goodness for that new product. It has kept us from sinking even more due to the inroads into our business made by those foreign suppliers of leather goods. HEATHER: What about the standard costing system? MATT: The variances are mostly favorable, except for the first few months when the supplier of leather started charging more. HEATHER: How did the union members take to the standards? ALFRED: Not bad. They grumbled a bit at first, but they have taken it in stride. We've consistently shown favorable direct labor efficiency variances and direct materials usage variances. The direct labor rate variance has been flat. MATT: It should be since direct labor rates are negotiated by the union representative at the start of the year and remain the same for the entire year. HEATHER: Matt, would you send me the variance report for laptop covers immediately?Actual Cost Direct Materials Direct Labor + (Direct Materials Direct Materials Efficiency Direct Labor Rate Efficiency Month + Direct Labor) Price Variance Variance Variance Variance November $150.000 $10.000 U $5.000 F $100 U $5,000 F December 155.000 11.000 U 5.200 F 110 U 6.500 F January 152.000 10.100 U 4.900 F 105 U 7,750 F February 151,000 9.900 U 4,500 F 95 U 6.950 F March 125.000 9.000 U 3.000 F 90 U 8.200 F April 115.000 8.000 U 2.000 F 90 U 8,500 FLaptop covers made in May 2.900 units Total actual direct materials costs incurred $ 68.850 Actual quantity of direct materials purchased and used 8.500 feet Total actual direct labor cost incurred $ 25.910 Total actual direct labor hours 1.837.6 hours