Lenovo Telephone Company In April 1997, Daniel Rowe, president of Lenovo Telephone Company, was preparing for a meeting with Susan Bradley, manager of Lenovo Data Services, a company subsidiary. Partial deregulation and an agreement with the state Public Service Commission had permitted Lenovo Telephone to establish a computer data service subsidiary to perform data processing for the telephone company and to sell computer service to other companies and organizations. Mr. Rowe had told the commission in 1994 that a profitable computer services subsidiary would reduce pressure for telephone rate increases. However, by the end of 1996 the subsidiary had yet to experience a profitable month. Ms. Bradley felt only more time was needed, but Rowe felt action was necessary to reduce the drain on company resources. Lenovo Data Services had grown out of the needs of Lenovo Telephone for computer services to plan, control, and account for its own operations in the metropolitan region it served. The realization by Lenovo that other businesses in the metropolitan region needed similar services and that centralized service could be provided over telephone circuits suggested that Lenovo could sell computer time not needed by telephone operations. In addition, the state Public Service Commission had encouraged all public utilities under its jurisdiction to seek new sources of revenue and profits as a step toward deregulation and to reduce the need for rate increases which higher costs would otherwise bring. Because it operated as a public utility, the rates charged by Lenovo Telephone Company for telephone service could not be changed without the approval of the Public Service Commission. In presenting the proposal for the new subsidiary, Mr. Rowe had argued for a separate but wholly owned entity whose prices for service would not be regulated. In this way, Lenovo could compete with other computer service organizations in a dynamic field; in addition, revenues for use of telephone services might also be increased. The commission accepted this proposal subject only to the restriction that the average monthly charge for service by the subsidiary to the parent not exceed $82,000, the estimated cost of equivalent services used by Lenovo Telephone Company in 1994. All accounts of Lenovo Data Services were separated from those of Lenovo Telephone, and each paid the other for services received from the other. From the start of operations of Lenovo Data Services in 1995 there had been problems. Equipment deliveries were delayed. Personnel had commanded higher salaries than expected. And most important, customers were harder to find than earlier estimates had led the company to expect. By the end of 1996, when income of Lenovo Telephone was low enough to necessitate a report to shareholders revealing the lowest return on investment in seven years, Rowe felt it was time to reassess Lenovo Data Services. Susan Bradley had asked for more time, as she felt the subsidiary would be profitable by March. But when the quarterly reports came (Exhibits 1 and 2), Rowe called Bradiey to arrange their meeting. EXHIBIT 1 Lenovo Data Services Summary of Computer Utilization, First Quarter 1997 January 206 123 Revenue Hours Intercompany Commercial Total revenue hours Service hours Available hours Total hours 329 February 181 135 316 32 188 526 March 223 138 361 40 162 568 32 175 536 EXHIBIT 2 Lenovo Data Services Summary Results of Operations, First Quarter 1997 January February March Revenues: Intercompany sales $ 82,400 $ 72,400 $ 89,200 Commercial sales: Computer use 98,400 108,000 110,400 Other -9,241 9.184 12.685 Total revenue $ 190,041 5.189.584 5.212.285 Expenses Space costs: Rent ... $ 8,000 $8,000 $ 8.000 Custodial services 1.240 1.240 1.24 9,240 9,240 9,240 Equipment costs: Computer leases 95,000 95,000 95,000 Maintenance... 5,400 5,400 5,400 Depreciation: Computer equipment 25,500 25,500 25,500 Office equipment and fixtures 580 680 680 Power 1633 1.592 1.803 128,213 128,172 128.383 Wages and salaries: Operations.... 29,496 29,184 30,254 Systems development and maintenance 12,000 12,000 12,000 Administration 9,000 9,000 9,000 Sales 11.200 11,200 11.200 61,696 61,384 62,464 Materials ..9,031 8,731 10,317 Sales promotions. 7,909 7,039 8,083 Corporate services 15.424 15.359 15.236 Total expenses.. $221.51 5229.925 $ 232.722 Net income (loss) $(41,472) $(40,341) $121,438) Rowe received two reports on operations of Lenovo Data Services. The Summary of Computer Utilization (Exhibit 1) summarized the use of available hours of computer time. Service was offered to commercial customers 24 hours a day on weekdays and eight hours on Saturdays. Routine maintenance of the computers was provided by an outside contractor who took the computer off-line for eight hours each week for testing and upkeep. The reports for the quarter revealed a persistent problem; available hours, which did not provide revenue, remained high. Revenue and cost data were summarized in the quarterly report on results of operations (Exhibit 2). Intracompany work was billed at $400 per hour, a rate based on usage estimates for 1997 and the Public Service Commission's restrictions that cost to Lenovo Telephone should not exceed an average of $82,000 per month. Commercial sales were billed at $800 per hour. While most expenses summarized in the report were self-explanatory, Rowe reminded himself of the characteristics of a few. Space costs were all paid to Lenovo Telephone. Lenovo Data Services rented the ground floor of a central exchange building owned by the company for $8,000 per month. In addition, a charge for custodial service based on the estimated annual cost per square foot was paid by Data Services, as Telephone personnel provided these services Computer equipment had been acquired by lease and by purchases; leases had four years to run and were noncancelable. Owned equipment was all saleable but probably could not bring more than its book value in the used equipment market. Wages and salaries were separated in the report to show the expense of four different kinds of activities. Operating salaries included those of the six persons necessary to run the centre around the clock as well as amounts paid hourly help who were required when the computer was in operation. Salaries of the programming staff who provided service to clients and maintained the operating system were reported as system development and maintenance. Sales personnel, who called upon and serviced present and prospective commercial clients, were also salaried. Because of its relationship with Lenovo Telephone, Lenovo Data Services was able to avoid many costs an independent company would have. For example, all payroll, billing, collections, and accounting were done by telephone company personnel. For those corporate services, Lenovo Data Services paid Lenovo Telephone an amount based on wages and salaries each month. Although Rowe was discouraged by results to date, he was reluctant to suggest to Bradley that Lenovo Data Services be closed down or sold. The idea behind the subsidiary just seemed too good to give up easily. Besides, he was not sure that the accounting report really revealed the contribution that Data Services was making to Lenovo Telephone. In other cases, he felt that the procedures used in accounting for separate activities in the company tended to obscure the costs and benefits they provided. After examining the reports briefly, Rowe resolved to study them in preparation for asking Bradley to estimate the possible effects on profits of increasing the price to customers other than Lenovo Telephone, reducing prices, increasing sales efforts and promotion, and of going to two-shift rather than 24-hour operations. Questions 1. Appraise the results of operations of Lenovo Data Services. Is the subsidiary really a problem to Lenovo Telephone Company? Consider carefully the differences between reported costs and costs relevant for decisions that Daniel Rowe is considering. 2. Assuming the company demand for service will average 205 hours per month, what level of commercial sales of computer use would be necessary to break even each month? 3. Estimate the effect on income of each of the options Rowe has suggested if Bradley estimates as follows: a. Increasing the price to commercial customers to $1,000 per hour would reduce demand by 30%. b. Reducing the price to commercial customers to $600 per hour would increase demand by 30%. C. Increased promotion would increase sales by up to 30%. Bradley is unsure how much promotion this would take. (How much could be spent and still leave Lenovo Data Services with no reported loss each month if commercial hours were increased 30%?) d. Reducing operations to 16 hours on weekdays and eight hours on Saturdays would result in a loss of 20% of commercial revenue hours. 4. Can you suggest changes in the accounting and reporting system now used for operations of Lenovo Data Services which would result in more useful information for Rowe and Bradley? Lenovo Telephone Company In April 1997, Daniel Rowe, president of Lenovo Telephone Company, was preparing for a meeting with Susan Bradley, manager of Lenovo Data Services, a company subsidiary. Partial deregulation and an agreement with the state Public Service Commission had permitted Lenovo Telephone to establish a computer data service subsidiary to perform data processing for the telephone company and to sell computer service to other companies and organizations. Mr. Rowe had told the commission in 1994 that a profitable computer services subsidiary would reduce pressure for telephone rate increases. However, by the end of 1996 the subsidiary had yet to experience a profitable month. Ms. Bradley felt only more time was needed, but Rowe felt action was necessary to reduce the drain on company resources. Lenovo Data Services had grown out of the needs of Lenovo Telephone for computer services to plan, control, and account for its own operations in the metropolitan region it served. The realization by Lenovo that other businesses in the metropolitan region needed similar services and that centralized service could be provided over telephone circuits suggested that Lenovo could sell computer time not needed by telephone operations. In addition, the state Public Service Commission had encouraged all public utilities under its jurisdiction to seek new sources of revenue and profits as a step toward deregulation and to reduce the need for rate increases which higher costs would otherwise bring. Because it operated as a public utility, the rates charged by Lenovo Telephone Company for telephone service could not be changed without the approval of the Public Service Commission. In presenting the proposal for the new subsidiary, Mr. Rowe had argued for a separate but wholly owned entity whose prices for service would not be regulated. In this way, Lenovo could compete with other computer service organizations in a dynamic field; in addition, revenues for use of telephone services might also be increased. The commission accepted this proposal subject only to the restriction that the average monthly charge for service by the subsidiary to the parent not exceed $82,000, the estimated cost of equivalent services used by Lenovo Telephone Company in 1994. All accounts of Lenovo Data Services were separated from those of Lenovo Telephone, and each paid the other for services received from the other. From the start of operations of Lenovo Data Services in 1995 there had been problems. Equipment deliveries were delayed. Personnel had commanded higher salaries than expected. And most important, customers were harder to find than earlier estimates had led the company to expect. By the end of 1996, when income of Lenovo Telephone was low enough to necessitate a report to shareholders revealing the lowest return on investment in seven years, Rowe felt it was time to reassess Lenovo Data Services. Susan Bradley had asked for more time, as she felt the subsidiary would be profitable by March. But when the quarterly reports came (Exhibits 1 and 2), Rowe called Bradiey to arrange their meeting. EXHIBIT 1 Lenovo Data Services Summary of Computer Utilization, First Quarter 1997 January 206 123 Revenue Hours Intercompany Commercial Total revenue hours Service hours Available hours Total hours 329 February 181 135 316 32 188 526 March 223 138 361 40 162 568 32 175 536 EXHIBIT 2 Lenovo Data Services Summary Results of Operations, First Quarter 1997 January February March Revenues: Intercompany sales $ 82,400 $ 72,400 $ 89,200 Commercial sales: Computer use 98,400 108,000 110,400 Other -9,241 9.184 12.685 Total revenue $ 190,041 5.189.584 5.212.285 Expenses Space costs: Rent ... $ 8,000 $8,000 $ 8.000 Custodial services 1.240 1.240 1.24 9,240 9,240 9,240 Equipment costs: Computer leases 95,000 95,000 95,000 Maintenance... 5,400 5,400 5,400 Depreciation: Computer equipment 25,500 25,500 25,500 Office equipment and fixtures 580 680 680 Power 1633 1.592 1.803 128,213 128,172 128.383 Wages and salaries: Operations.... 29,496 29,184 30,254 Systems development and maintenance 12,000 12,000 12,000 Administration 9,000 9,000 9,000 Sales 11.200 11,200 11.200 61,696 61,384 62,464 Materials ..9,031 8,731 10,317 Sales promotions. 7,909 7,039 8,083 Corporate services 15.424 15.359 15.236 Total expenses.. $221.51 5229.925 $ 232.722 Net income (loss) $(41,472) $(40,341) $121,438) Rowe received two reports on operations of Lenovo Data Services. The Summary of Computer Utilization (Exhibit 1) summarized the use of available hours of computer time. Service was offered to commercial customers 24 hours a day on weekdays and eight hours on Saturdays. Routine maintenance of the computers was provided by an outside contractor who took the computer off-line for eight hours each week for testing and upkeep. The reports for the quarter revealed a persistent problem; available hours, which did not provide revenue, remained high. Revenue and cost data were summarized in the quarterly report on results of operations (Exhibit 2). Intracompany work was billed at $400 per hour, a rate based on usage estimates for 1997 and the Public Service Commission's restrictions that cost to Lenovo Telephone should not exceed an average of $82,000 per month. Commercial sales were billed at $800 per hour. While most expenses summarized in the report were self-explanatory, Rowe reminded himself of the characteristics of a few. Space costs were all paid to Lenovo Telephone. Lenovo Data Services rented the ground floor of a central exchange building owned by the company for $8,000 per month. In addition, a charge for custodial service based on the estimated annual cost per square foot was paid by Data Services, as Telephone personnel provided these services Computer equipment had been acquired by lease and by purchases; leases had four years to run and were noncancelable. Owned equipment was all saleable but probably could not bring more than its book value in the used equipment market. Wages and salaries were separated in the report to show the expense of four different kinds of activities. Operating salaries included those of the six persons necessary to run the centre around the clock as well as amounts paid hourly help who were required when the computer was in operation. Salaries of the programming staff who provided service to clients and maintained the operating system were reported as system development and maintenance. Sales personnel, who called upon and serviced present and prospective commercial clients, were also salaried. Because of its relationship with Lenovo Telephone, Lenovo Data Services was able to avoid many costs an independent company would have. For example, all payroll, billing, collections, and accounting were done by telephone company personnel. For those corporate services, Lenovo Data Services paid Lenovo Telephone an amount based on wages and salaries each month. Although Rowe was discouraged by results to date, he was reluctant to suggest to Bradley that Lenovo Data Services be closed down or sold. The idea behind the subsidiary just seemed too good to give up easily. Besides, he was not sure that the accounting report really revealed the contribution that Data Services was making to Lenovo Telephone. In other cases, he felt that the procedures used in accounting for separate activities in the company tended to obscure the costs and benefits they provided. After examining the reports briefly, Rowe resolved to study them in preparation for asking Bradley to estimate the possible effects on profits of increasing the price to customers other than Lenovo Telephone, reducing prices, increasing sales efforts and promotion, and of going to two-shift rather than 24-hour operations. Questions 1. Appraise the results of operations of Lenovo Data Services. Is the subsidiary really a problem to Lenovo Telephone Company? Consider carefully the differences between reported costs and costs relevant for decisions that Daniel Rowe is considering. 2. Assuming the company demand for service will average 205 hours per month, what level of commercial sales of computer use would be necessary to break even each month? 3. Estimate the effect on income of each of the options Rowe has suggested if Bradley estimates as follows: a. Increasing the price to commercial customers to $1,000 per hour would reduce demand by 30%. b. Reducing the price to commercial customers to $600 per hour would increase demand by 30%. C. Increased promotion would increase sales by up to 30%. Bradley is unsure how much promotion this would take. (How much could be spent and still leave Lenovo Data Services with no reported loss each month if commercial hours were increased 30%?) d. Reducing operations to 16 hours on weekdays and eight hours on Saturdays would result in a loss of 20% of commercial revenue hours. 4. Can you suggest changes in the accounting and reporting system now used for operations of Lenovo Data Services which would result in more useful information for Rowe and Bradley