Levin, Goldstein and Gerhardt (2) reviewed the records of the Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, a state cancer hospital in which a history of tobacco usage has been taken from all patients admitted since 1938.These histories are part of the regular clinical history and are taken before the final diagnosis has been established.

The agestandardized proportions of cigarette smokers were as follows:236 (66%) of the lung cancer cases were smokers; 666 (48%) of the other cancer cases were smokers; 124 (53%) of the lung, non-tumor cases were smokers; and 481 (44%) of the other non-cancer cases were smokers.The differences between the lung cancer patients and each of the other groups were statistically significant.

Question 11:Calculate odds ratios for lung cancer cases compared to each of the control groups.

Other Cancer Cases as Controls

Case

Control

Smokers

Non-Smokers

Total

Odds Ratio

Lung Diseases without Tumors as Controls

Case

Control

Smokers

Non-Smokers

Total

Odds Ratio

Other non-cancer diseases as Controls

Case

Control

Smokers

Non-Smokers

Total

Odds Ratio

The Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II).It recruited participants in 1982 and followed them until 1988.CPS-II included subjects from 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and Guam and 93% of the study group were white

Data on lung cancer death rates and ratios for the two studies are given in Table 4.