Link to article https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FHkd6D5PP86AgmI8lQsAXxFvAkN4djFt/view?usp=drivesdk

1) The author is focused on "juvenile transfer laws." Explain what these are.

2) According to the article, did these mechanisms increase or decrease the number of adolescents incarcerated in adult prisons? What was the percentage change and range of time?

3) According to the article, what is the percentage of adolescent offenders that end up incarcerated in adult prisons?

4) According to to the article, what state is credited for creating the most of these transfer statutes since the early 1990's?

5) Using the numbers given in the article, between 2003 and 2008, estimate how many Juveniles California transferred to adult courts? How many did Illinois transfer in 2008? According to the article, what state transfers the most cases, per capita and by how much more?

6) The author notes the first juvenile court system was created in 1899. What was its primary purpose?

7) According to the article, how did the public and state legislatures "turn their backs" on these traditional purposes during the 1980's and 1990's?

8) According to the author, name the 3 types of transfer laws and explain how they are different from each other?

9) According to the author, what is a reverse waiver law?

10) According to the article, what is a "blended sentencing" law?

11) What is meant by the phrase "once adult, always adult" as used by the author?

12) What are the 3 types of waivers used in Illinois and how are they different?

13) As it relates to this article, what does the 8th Amendment require?

14) For the Supreme Court to determine if a particular punishment is "categorically prohibited" by the 8th Amendment, what test does the Court use?

15) According to the author, what did the Graham v. Florida case require when evaluating proportionality under 8th Amendment jurisprudence?

16) According to the article, what were the facts of the Roper v Simmons case?

17) In the Simmons case, what 3 general differences did the Court note about juveniles when compared to adults?

18) In the Graham case, what facts (statistics) did the Court use to determine if life in prison for a juvenile who committed a non-violent felony was a violation of the 8th Amendment?

19) According to the article, what is the holding of Miller v Alabama?

20) According to the author, what is the burden of proof in presumptive transfer hearings, and who carries that burden?