Looking again at the article that you selected for this week, list the variables of interest in the study and then identify how these variables were measured (e.g. was there a certain psychometric tool used?) Which of these variables were independent versus the dependent? Were there any other contextual factors that the authors mentioned? If so, what were they? What statistical tests did the authors use to measure the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable? What are the parameters for using those specific tests (e.g. certain level of data (nominal, ordinal interval, ratio), certain sample size, etc.).

The QDTSNew Mother Form was validated in a study with postpartum women at a Midwestern tertiary perinatal center and was found to have a Cronbach's CL reliability coefcient of 0.85 for the content received subscale and 0.84 for the delivery subscale (Weiss & Lokken, 2009). Permission was obtained from Dr. Marianne Weiss via email communication to use the QDTS in this study (Weiss M. E., personal communication, December 4, 2020). In our study, the QDTSNew Mother Form had a Cronbach's reliability coefcient of 0.91 for the content received subscale, 0.93 for the delivery subscale, and 0.89 for the content needed subscale. Data Analysis Qualtrics data were exported to Stata version 16 statistical software for the analyses (StataCorp, 2017). Descriptive sta- tistics were calculated. Continuous variables were summa- rized using range, mean, and standard deviations (.Sst), while categorical variables were summarized using e quencies and percentages. To measure knowledge of PBWS, participants' responses on each warning sign were converted to either 1 (selected) or 0 (not selected) to create the mean knowledge score. The mean score ranged from 0 (indicating none of the nine items was selected) to 9 (indicating all nine items were selected). To measure the quality of discharge teaching, four subscales were created according to scale developer guidelines (Marquette University College of Nursing, 2021) content needed, content received, content di'erence, and delivery. The average amount of education needed and received (measured by the content needed and content received subscales) was created by averaging the scores 'om each item in the category. Differences in content needed and content received were calculated by subtracting the content needed score from the content received score for each paired item. Similarly, the average of each participant's rating on how information was presented to them (delivery subscale) was created from averaging scores from the items in the category. All independent variables were checked for collinearity to ensure the model would not suffer 'om multicollinearity. Diagnostic plots and statistical tests were checked for each regression model to ensure that all assumptions (linear rela- tionships of outcomes and predictors, independent and nor- mally distributed residuals, and homoscedasticity) were met. Outcomes were all averages and were treated as continuous. Linear regression was used to create models with main effects only. Because of the interest in inference for all pre dictors in the regression models, none of the predictors were treated as control variables; however, all tests of predictors are implicitly controlled for the relationships among the other predictors. The mean content needed, mean content received, and mean delivery subscales were each used as outcome variables in linear regression models to identify signith associations with the following independent variables: current insurance status, the highest level of edu- cation, household income, employment status, hospital attended, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, edu- cation on warning signs before discharge, presence of a doula at delivery, and presence of a doula postpartum. Regression coefficients, standard errors, t~values, p-values, and 95% condence intervals are reported for each model in Online Supplementary Tables 14 in the Online Supplemental Material. Statistical signicance was considered to be a pwvalue of less than .05. Results A total of 80 surveys out of 156 were included in the data analysis. Seventy-six surveys were excluded from analysis for one of the following reasons: did not meet eligibility screening and automatically exited; the participant's zip code was not in St. Joseph County, Indiana; the baby's birth date did not meet inclusion criteria; the survey was determined to be a bot (reCAPTCHA score of less than 0.5); or the respon- dent opened the link but did not complete the questionnaire. Participant Characteristics Participant ages ranged from 20 to 35 years with a mean age of about 28 years. Table 1 details the sociodemographic char acteristics of participants. Ninety percent of participants were primigravida (n=72). Approximately, 96.3% (n =77) received prenatal care. The majority (66.3%, n = 53) had a vaginal delivery and 33.8% (n = 27) had a cesarean section. About 72.4% (n = 55) had a full-term delivery, 7.9% (n = 6) had a pre-term delivery, and 19.7% (n = 15) had a post-term delivery. Twenty~eight percent (11 = 22) of participants had doula support during delivery and 21.8% (n= 17) had doula support during the postpartum period. Approximately, 91% (n = 72) attended their postpartum appointment. Women completed the survey within a year from the time they gave birth. The average period between delivery and completing the survey was 5.7 months with an .SD of 3.5 months. Postpartum Discharge Teaching The overall mean content needed by participants was 4.76 with a minimum of 1.7 and a maximum of 8.1 (010 Likert scale). The overall mean content received by participants was 4.83 with a minimum of 1.4 and a maximum of 8.6. Table 2 provides the average and SD of each item in the con- tent received and content needed subscales. Differences in the amount of informational content needed and content received were calculated. On average across all topics, 20 women reported their educational needs had been unmet, 27 women stated their educational needs had been exactly met, and 30 women stated their educational needs had been more than met. Figure 1 displays the number of Black postpartum mothers who had their overall postpartum educational needs Adams et al. Table 1. Sociodemographic Information of Participants, N=80. Characteristics Number (n) Percent (%) Marital status Married 79 98.75 Singleever married - 1.25 Living with a partner No 1.25 Yes 79 98.75 Read a letterewspaper Easily 69 86.25 With difficulty 10 12.50 Not at all 1.25 Employment status Employed full-time 38 47.50 Employed part-time 22 27.50 Unemployed, seeking work 9 1 1.25 Unemployed, not looking 10 12.50 Unable to work 1.25 Insurance before pregnancy No 8 10.00 Yes, Medicaid 29 36.25 Yes, private insurance 43 53.75 Insurance at delivery No 1 1.25 Yes, Medicaid 29 36.25 Yes, private insurance 42 52.50 Insurance currently No 9 1 1.25 Yes, Medicaid 33 41.25 Yes, private insurance 38 47.50 Highest level of education Less than high school degree 2 2.50 High school degree/GED 10 12.50 Some college but no degree 27 33.75 Associate degree 26 32.50 Bachelor degree 15 18.75 Household income Below $20,000 2.50 20,000-39,999 10.00 40,000-59,999 28.75 a O N N OO N 60,000-79,999 27.50 80,000-99,999 23.75 100,000-149,999 7.50Table 2. Summary of Content Needed and Received Subscales (n = 77). Content Needed Content Received Item Mean SD Mean SD Taking care of yourself 3.74 2.06 3.92 2.1 1 About your emotions 4.57 2.24 4.84 2.16 Taking care of baby 5.00 2.06 5.03 2.37 Feeding your baby 5.10 2. 1 5.01 2.23 Practice with baby care skills 5.05 2.21 5.23 2.47 Who and when to call if problems 4.94 2.24 4.78 2.39 Care for you and your baby 4.88 2.38 5.02 2.48 seizure (n = 1), and a red/swollen/painful leg (n= 1). Out of 8 the 24 women who experienced health problems, 91.7% 27 (n= 22) reported seeking assistance for the health problem. The two participants who did not seek assistance had experi- enced chest pain and obstructed breathing/shortness of breath. Participants were asked why they did not seek assis- 15 Frequency 14 tance for the health problem, and one responded, "It doesn't 13 help much." Discussion The first aim of this study was to assess Black postpartum Difference between education needed and education received 2 mothers' perceptions of the quality of postpartum discharge positive value-rece are education than they needed: Grneeds were exactly met; Negative val chad unmet educational needs teaching. We calculated the differences in educational con- tent the women needed and the educational content they received. Findings indicated that several Black mothers had Figure I. Postpartum Discharge Educational Needs Unmet, unmet educational needs related to baby care, who and when Met, or More Than Met Among Black Postpartum Mothers (n = 77). to call if they have problems, and the education of family members. The top two unmet educational needs were relatedTable 3. Summary of Delivery Subscale (n =77). Item Mean SD Nurses answered specific concerns and questions 4.13 2.26 Nurses listened to your concerns 4.90 2.15 Nurses were sensitive to your personal beliefs and values 5.35 2.35 Liked the way your nurses taught you 4.90 2.07 Nurses presented information in a way you could understand 5.18 2.17 Nurses broke up teaching into small amounts 4.90 2.35 Nurses checked to ensure you understood the information 5.30 2.13 You received consistent (the same) information 5.05 2.34 Nurses provided information at times that were good for you 4.23 2.41 Nurses provided information at times when your family member(s) could attend 4.09 2.19 Nurses helped you to feel confident in your ability 5.19 2.17 How confident do you feel that you know what to do in an emergency? 4.09 2.18 Did the information decrease anxiety about going home? 5.18 2.25 Table 4. Knowledge of Post-Birth Warning Signs in 79 Black Postpartum Mothers. Number of Women that Percentage of Women that Post-Birth Warning Sign Identified the Sign Identified the Sign (%) Pain in chest 15.2 Obstructed breathing/shortness of breath 21.5 Seizures 12 15.2 Thoughts of hurting yourself 19 24.1 Bleeding, severe 20 25.3 Incision that is not healing 28 35.4 Red/swollen/painful leg 23 29.1 Temperature 100.4 or higher 11 13.9 Headache, severe/vision changes 1 1.4 Note: The percentage of women that identified each sign is calculated as the number of women that identified the warning sign divided by the total number of women (79) multiplied by 100. Each woman identified 1.9 warning signs on average, with an SD of 1.4 signs