Looking at the readings, do you believe the following incidents should be categorized as hate crimes? Why?

• Tree of Life Synagogue Shooting in Pittsburgh;
• El Paso Walmart Shooting;
• Orlando Pulse Night Club Shooting.

Readings:

• U.S. Department of Homeland Security/FBI, "Strategic Intelligence Assessment and Data on Domestic Terrorism", May 2021, pages 1-29.
• Peter J. Burris, et al, Domestic Terrorism: Overview of Federal Criminal Laws and Constitutional Issues, Congressional Research Service, R44921, July 2, 2021. Pages 28-32.
• Domestic Terrorism and Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2021, available at www.congress.gov, Senate Bill 963.
• Anthony Cordesman, "Terrorism and hate Crimes: Dealing with All of the Threats from Extremism," Center for Strategic & International Studies, July 5, 2017.
• Kathleen Belew, "Bring the War Home - The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America," Harvard University Press, 2018. Pages 187-209.